Diseases of Blood Vessels

Question 1

Which structure of the vascular system contains more elastin?

Answer 1

Arteries

Question 2

What type of cell controls the diffusion of substances & maintains homeostasis?

Answer 2

Endothelial cells

Question 3

What are the factors to consider for atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

• Can start in youth
• starts with vascular endothelial cell damage and is associated with inflammation
• accelerated by lifestyle choices
• plasma lipid abnormalities are important in the pathogenesis
• Is strongly associated with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus

Question 4

What 3 diseases are strongly associated with vascular disease?

Answer 4

• High blood pressure
• Dyslipidemia
• Diabetes Mellitus

Question 5

What are LDLs?

Answer 5

“Bad cholesterol” because high serum concentrations are associated with atherosclerosis & CVD

Question 6

What are HDLs?

Answer 6

“Good Cholesterol” because high serum concentrations are associated with protection against atherosclerosis & CVD

Question 7

What value for plasma lipid concentrations are considered high risk (mg/dL)?

Answer 7

• Total cholesterol = >240(mg/dL)
• HDL cholesterol = <40(mg/dL)
• LDL cholesterol = >160(mg/dL)

Question 8

What value for plasma lipid concentrations are considered desirable (mg/dL)?

Answer 8

• Total cholesterol = <200(mg/dL)
• HDL cholesterol = >60(mg/dL)
• LDL cholesterol = <100(mg/dL)
• Triglyceride = <150(mg/dL)

Question 9

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 9

A chronic inflammatory disease of cholesterol deposits & scarring in medium and large arteries

Question 10

What is arteriolosclerosis?

Answer 10

• Mainly occurs in the kidneys affecting small arteries
  
  • Hyaline
    
    • Thickening of anteriolar walls
    • aging, renal disease, hypertension, diabetes
  • Hyperplastic
    
    • onion skin type in appearance
    • Renal disease, severe hypertension

Question 11

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Answer 11

1. Injury
2. Hyperplasia

Question 12

What is the difference between a young and old atheroma?

Answer 12

• Young atheromas are more unstable and experience a rupture of the fibrous cap
• Old atheromas are more likely to be scared resulting in “hardening of arteries” ← More Stable

Question 12

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

1. Age
2. Sex
3. Genetics
4. Dyslipidemia (elevated cholesterol)
5. Hypertension
6. Smoking
7. Diabetes
8. Physical Inactivity
9. Homocysteine (amino acid type)
10. C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 13

What are some major clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease?

Answer 13

1. TIA, Ischemic stroke
2. Unstable angina & Stable angina
3. Renovascular disease
4. Intestinal Ischemia
5. Erectile dysfunction
6. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Question 14

When looking at cardiac output, what influenced blood volume?

Answer 14

• Sodium ingestion and excretion
• Renin/aldosterone

Question 15

How is blood pressure regulated?

Answer 15

Through Baroreceptor reflex and release of Renin

Question 16

What are the types of hypertension?

Answer 16

• Essential (primary)
• Secondary

Question 17

What is the cause of primary hypertension?

Answer 17

It is idiopathic and multifactorial, Genetics and Behavior

Question 18

What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 18

• Pheochromocytoma (cancer) of adrenal medulla
• Tumor/hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
• Renal disease

Question 19

What are the pathologies of hypertension?

Answer 19

1. May cause or accelerate atherosclerosis
2. May cause hypertrophy of the left ventricle and result in CHF
3. Linked with increased risk of CVD & stroke
4. Nephrosclerosis (kidney artery hardening)
5. Vision disturbances and blindness may occur

Question 20

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 20

a bulge in the wall of an artery Ballooning!