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PT 561 Pathophysiology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause hypoalbuminemia?

A

a diseased liver or kidney.

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2
Q

What are endocrine hormones?

A

Hormones that are transported by the blood to act on a variety of tissues and organ systems.

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3
Q

Why is it important to know hydrostatic pressure?

A

If there is a failure of valves in veins this could cause an increase in pressure and cause swelling to occur (especially in the legs)

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4
Q

Which type of shock might be the result of a severe allergic reaction?

A

Hypovolemic shock

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5
Q

What causes hydrostatic edemas?

A
  1. valve failure in veins of lower legs creating chronic venous insufficiency
  2. Right-sided chronic heart failure resulting in blood “back-up” as it tries to enter the right side of the heart
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6
Q

What is the typical cardiac output at rest?

A

5 L/min

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7
Q

What is a pedal or dependent edema?

A

fluid in the feet and lower legs (dependent means it is gravity dependent)

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8
Q

Ecchymoses hemorrhage

A

a hemorrhage that is >1cm

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9
Q

What is a petechiae hemorrhage?

A

small/ skin, mucous membranes

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10
Q

What are some mechanisms of cell injury?

A
  1. Hypoxia/Anoxia
  2. Physical Trauma
  3. Chemicals
  4. Infection
  5. Inflammation/Immune reactions
  6. Free radicals
  7. Nutritional deficiencies
  8. Genetic abnormalities
  9. Aging
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11
Q

What is an intravascular edema?

A

a left-sided heart failure resulting in left-sided blood “back-up” forcing pressure to cause water to move out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the interstitial and alveolar spaces.

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12
Q

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do fats typically accumulate?

A

Within the liver and kidney as triglycerides

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13
Q

What are the consequences of cell injury?

A
  1. Acutely
    • Hydropic Degeneration
  2. Chronically
    • Intracellular accumulations
    • Adaptations
  3. Cell death
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14
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Heart rate * stroke volume

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15
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The force that is exerted by the weight of a column of blood.

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16
Q

What substances are leaked into the cell in intracellular accumulations due to an injured cell?

A
  1. Fat
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Protein
  4. Glycogen
  5. Pigments
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17
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output * Total peripheral resistance

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18
Q

What are the types of shock?

A
  1. Hypovolemic shock
  2. Cardiogenic shock
  3. Septic shock
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19
Q

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do proteins typically accumulate?

A

Brain

20
Q

What can cause an embolism?

A
  1. Thrombi
  2. Atherosclerotic debris
  3. Marrowfat from bone fractures
  4. Air
21
Q

What transudate edema is caused by low osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic edema

22
Q

What is an embolism?

A

An intravascular mass free-floating in the bloodstream

23
Q

What are autocrine hormones?

A

Hormones that act on the own cell

24
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Where the cells undergo a gel-like change but die in place preserving the structure of the tissue.

25
Q

What is a physical sign of transudate edema?

A

Pitting in the skin after removal of pressure.

26
Q

What transudate edema is cause by excess venous pressure?

A

hydrostatic edema

27
Q

What is anasarca edema?

A

a severe generalized edema

28
Q

What are the high protein exudate edemas?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Lymphedema
29
Q

What causes low protein edemas?

A
  • Excess venous pressure
  • Low osmotic presure
30
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

The relatively rapid dissolution of tissue, which outpaces the repair processes.

31
Q

What three factors are important for the development of venous thrombosis? What is this called?

A
  1. Hypercoagulable state
  2. Circulatory stasis
  3. Vascular wall Injury

Virchow’s Triad

32
Q

What is infarct necrosis?

A

This is the ischemic death of a group of cells fed by an artery

33
Q

What is total peripheral resistance? (TPR)

A

The volume of blood vessels in the body for blood to travel through.

34
Q

What are paracrine hormones?

A

Hormones that transport through the interstitial fluid to act on nearby cells

35
Q

What is edema?

A

The shift in fluid from vascular to extravascular spaces

36
Q

Which cause of cell death typically causes inflammation to occur?

A

Necrosis

37
Q

What are the causes of cell death?

A
  • Apoptosis
  • Necrosis
38
Q

Purpura hemorrhage?

A

a hemorrhage that is slightly larger (<1cm )

39
Q

What is ascites edema?

A

fluid in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)

40
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

low Platelet count

41
Q

Why does nonprogressive shock cause a positive feedback loop?

A

As the low blood pressure continues there is hypoperfusion and hypoxia that occurs. This results in anaerobic metabolism which creates byproducts that create an acidosis state causing vasodilation. Which continues to lower blood pressure.

42
Q

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does cholesterol typically accumulate?

A

Arterial walls (atherosclerosis)

43
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

a large collection of blood, usually the result of trauma.

44
Q

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does glycogen typically accumulate?

A

Kidney and liver

45
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
46
Q

What is hydropic degeneration

A

This is where the cell membranes are damaged allowing sodium to leak in.

47
Q

What is an effusion edema?

A

Fluid in pericardial or pleural spaces

PT 561 Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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