Week 3

Question 1

What can cause hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 1

a diseased liver or kidney.

Question 2

What are endocrine hormones?

Answer 2

Hormones that are transported by the blood to act on a variety of tissues and organ systems.

Question 3

Why is it important to know hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 3

If there is a failure of valves in veins this could cause an increase in pressure and cause swelling to occur (especially in the legs)

Question 4

Which type of shock might be the result of a severe allergic reaction?

Answer 4

Hypovolemic shock

Question 5

What causes hydrostatic edemas?

Answer 5

1. valve failure in veins of lower legs creating chronic venous insufficiency
2. Right-sided chronic heart failure resulting in blood “back-up” as it tries to enter the right side of the heart

Question 6

What is the typical cardiac output at rest?

Answer 6

5 L/min

Question 7

What is a pedal or dependent edema?

Answer 7

fluid in the feet and lower legs (dependent means it is gravity dependent)

Question 8

Ecchymoses hemorrhage

Answer 8

a hemorrhage that is >1cm

Question 9

What is a petechiae hemorrhage?

Answer 9

small/ skin, mucous membranes

Question 10

What are some mechanisms of cell injury?

Answer 10

1. Hypoxia/Anoxia
2. Physical Trauma
3. Chemicals
4. Infection
5. Inflammation/Immune reactions
6. Free radicals
7. Nutritional deficiencies
8. Genetic abnormalities
9. Aging

Question 11

What is an intravascular edema?

Answer 11

a left-sided heart failure resulting in left-sided blood “back-up” forcing pressure to cause water to move out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the interstitial and alveolar spaces.

Question 12

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do fats typically accumulate?

Answer 12

Within the liver and kidney as triglycerides

Question 13

What are the consequences of cell injury?

Answer 13

1. Acutely
   
   • Hydropic Degeneration
2. Chronically
   
   • Intracellular accumulations
   • Adaptations
3. Cell death

Question 14

What is cardiac output?

Answer 14

Heart rate * stroke volume

Question 15

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 15

The force that is exerted by the weight of a column of blood.

Question 16

What substances are leaked into the cell in intracellular accumulations due to an injured cell?

Answer 16

1. Fat
2. Cholesterol
3. Protein
4. Glycogen
5. Pigments

Question 17

What determines blood pressure?

Answer 17

Cardiac output * Total peripheral resistance

Question 18

What are the types of shock?

Answer 18

1. Hypovolemic shock
2. Cardiogenic shock
3. Septic shock

Question 19

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do proteins typically accumulate?

Answer 19

Brain

Question 20

What can cause an embolism?

Answer 20

1. Thrombi
2. Atherosclerotic debris
3. Marrowfat from bone fractures
4. Air

Question 21

What transudate edema is caused by low osmotic pressure?

Answer 21

Osmotic edema

Question 22

What is an embolism?

Answer 22

An intravascular mass free-floating in the bloodstream

Question 23

What are autocrine hormones?

Answer 23

Hormones that act on the own cell

Question 24

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 24

Where the cells undergo a gel-like change but die in place preserving the structure of the tissue.

Question 25

What is a physical sign of transudate edema?

Answer 25

Pitting in the skin after removal of pressure.

Question 26

What transudate edema is cause by excess venous pressure?

Answer 26

hydrostatic edema

Question 27

What is anasarca edema?

Answer 27

a severe generalized edema

Question 28

What are the high protein exudate edemas?

Answer 28

* Inflammation * Lymphedema

Question 29

What causes low protein edemas?

Answer 29

* Excess venous pressure * Low osmotic presure

Question 30

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 30

The relatively rapid dissolution of tissue, which outpaces the repair processes.

Question 31

What three factors are important for the development of venous thrombosis? What is this called?

Answer 31

1. Hypercoagulable state 2. Circulatory stasis 3. Vascular wall Injury ## Footnote **Virchow's Triad**

Question 32

What is infarct necrosis?

Answer 32

This is the ischemic death of a group of cells fed by an artery

Question 33

What is total peripheral resistance? (TPR)

Answer 33

The volume of blood vessels in the body for blood to travel through.

Question 34

What are paracrine hormones?

Answer 34

Hormones that transport through the interstitial fluid to act on nearby cells

Question 35

What is edema?

Answer 35

The shift in fluid from vascular to extravascular spaces

Question 36

Which cause of cell death typically causes inflammation to occur?

Answer 36

Necrosis

Question 37

What are the causes of cell death?

Answer 37

* Apoptosis * Necrosis

Question 38

Purpura hemorrhage?

Answer 38

a hemorrhage that is slightly larger (\<1cm )

Question 39

What is ascites edema?

Answer 39

fluid in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)

Question 40

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 40

low Platelet count

Question 41

Why does nonprogressive shock cause a positive feedback loop?

Answer 41

As the low blood pressure continues there is hypoperfusion and hypoxia that occurs. This results in anaerobic metabolism which creates byproducts that create an acidosis state causing vasodilation. Which continues to lower blood pressure.

Question 42

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does cholesterol typically accumulate?

Answer 42

Arterial walls (atherosclerosis)

Question 43

What is a hematoma?

Answer 43

a large collection of blood, usually the result of trauma.

Question 44

Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does glycogen typically accumulate?

Answer 44

Kidney and liver

Question 45

What are the types of necrosis?

Answer 45

1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive 3. Caseous

Question 46

What is hydropic degeneration

Answer 46

This is where the cell membranes are damaged allowing sodium to leak in.

Question 47

What is an effusion edema?

Answer 47

Fluid in pericardial or pleural spaces