Week 3 Flashcards
What can cause hypoalbuminemia?
a diseased liver or kidney.
What are endocrine hormones?
Hormones that are transported by the blood to act on a variety of tissues and organ systems.
Why is it important to know hydrostatic pressure?
If there is a failure of valves in veins this could cause an increase in pressure and cause swelling to occur (especially in the legs)
Which type of shock might be the result of a severe allergic reaction?
Hypovolemic shock
What causes hydrostatic edemas?
- valve failure in veins of lower legs creating chronic venous insufficiency
- Right-sided chronic heart failure resulting in blood “back-up” as it tries to enter the right side of the heart
What is the typical cardiac output at rest?
5 L/min
What is a pedal or dependent edema?
fluid in the feet and lower legs (dependent means it is gravity dependent)
Ecchymoses hemorrhage
a hemorrhage that is >1cm
What is a petechiae hemorrhage?
small/ skin, mucous membranes
What are some mechanisms of cell injury?
- Hypoxia/Anoxia
- Physical Trauma
- Chemicals
- Infection
- Inflammation/Immune reactions
- Free radicals
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Genetic abnormalities
- Aging
What is an intravascular edema?
a left-sided heart failure resulting in left-sided blood “back-up” forcing pressure to cause water to move out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the interstitial and alveolar spaces.
Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do fats typically accumulate?
Within the liver and kidney as triglycerides
What are the consequences of cell injury?
- Acutely
- Hydropic Degeneration
- Chronically
- Intracellular accumulations
- Adaptations
- Cell death
What is cardiac output?
Heart rate * stroke volume
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The force that is exerted by the weight of a column of blood.
What substances are leaked into the cell in intracellular accumulations due to an injured cell?
- Fat
- Cholesterol
- Protein
- Glycogen
- Pigments
What determines blood pressure?
Cardiac output * Total peripheral resistance
What are the types of shock?
- Hypovolemic shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Septic shock
Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where do proteins typically accumulate?
Brain
What can cause an embolism?
- Thrombi
- Atherosclerotic debris
- Marrowfat from bone fractures
- Air
What transudate edema is caused by low osmotic pressure?
Osmotic edema
What is an embolism?
An intravascular mass free-floating in the bloodstream
What are autocrine hormones?
Hormones that act on the own cell
What is coagulative necrosis?
Where the cells undergo a gel-like change but die in place preserving the structure of the tissue.
What is a physical sign of transudate edema?
Pitting in the skin after removal of pressure.
What transudate edema is cause by excess venous pressure?
hydrostatic edema
What is anasarca edema?
a severe generalized edema
What are the high protein exudate edemas?
- Inflammation
- Lymphedema
What causes low protein edemas?
- Excess venous pressure
- Low osmotic presure
What is liquefactive necrosis?
The relatively rapid dissolution of tissue, which outpaces the repair processes.
What three factors are important for the development of venous thrombosis? What is this called?
- Hypercoagulable state
- Circulatory stasis
- Vascular wall Injury
Virchow’s Triad
What is infarct necrosis?
This is the ischemic death of a group of cells fed by an artery
What is total peripheral resistance? (TPR)
The volume of blood vessels in the body for blood to travel through.
What are paracrine hormones?
Hormones that transport through the interstitial fluid to act on nearby cells
What is edema?
The shift in fluid from vascular to extravascular spaces
Which cause of cell death typically causes inflammation to occur?
Necrosis
What are the causes of cell death?
- Apoptosis
- Necrosis
Purpura hemorrhage?
a hemorrhage that is slightly larger (<1cm )
What is ascites edema?
fluid in the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)
What is thrombocytopenia?
low Platelet count
Why does nonprogressive shock cause a positive feedback loop?
As the low blood pressure continues there is hypoperfusion and hypoxia that occurs. This results in anaerobic metabolism which creates byproducts that create an acidosis state causing vasodilation. Which continues to lower blood pressure.
Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does cholesterol typically accumulate?
Arterial walls (atherosclerosis)
What is a hematoma?
a large collection of blood, usually the result of trauma.
Within intracellular accumulations during cell injury, where does glycogen typically accumulate?
Kidney and liver
What are the types of necrosis?
- Coagulative
- Liquefactive
- Caseous
What is hydropic degeneration
This is where the cell membranes are damaged allowing sodium to leak in.
What is an effusion edema?
Fluid in pericardial or pleural spaces
