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PT 561 Pathophysiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the INDIRECT pathways of the anterolateral system and what sensations responsible for?

A
  • Spinoreticulothalamic
    • ​diffuse, poorly localized, achy pain, multiple projections from reticular formation to other brainstem sites then to thalamus
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2
Q

What is the inflammatory response to parasite infection?

A

Release of Eosinophilia

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3
Q

What is the role of a physical therapist in the maturation phase of healing?

A
  • Stretch tight scar tissue
  • Address impairments
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4
Q

What tissues contain permanent cells?

A
  • Brain
  • Heart Muscle
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5
Q

What does the appearance in granulation indicate?

A

This means the wound is healing

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6
Q

What is the anterolateral system responsible for?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Touch
  • Conscious level
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7
Q

What is regeneration in tissue healing?

A

The regrowth of parenchymal cells and stroma

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8
Q

What growth factors contribute to healing?

A
  • Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
  • Vascular Endothelial Factor (VEGF)
  • Platelet-derived growth factor
  • Fibroblast growth factor
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9
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Hemostasis & Coagulation
  2. Inflammation
  3. Proliferative & Migration
  4. Remodeling
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10
Q

Why do 3rd-degree burns typically result in scarring?

A

3rd degree burns typically damage the basement membrane leading to scaring

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of A Delta Fibers?

A
  • Small diameter myelinated fibers that carry fast pain and temperature information to the spinal cord.
  • Not blocked by opiates
  • quick onset
  • short-lasting
  • Pain felt (sharp, stabbing, pricking)
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12
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus/ origin

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13
Q

Collagen types

A
  • Type I
    • (bones, tendons, and mature scars)
  • Type II
    • (cartilage)
  • Type III
    • (new scars, skin, blood vessels)
  • Type IV
    • (basement membrane)
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14
Q

What is Allodynia?

A

The sensation of pain in things not traditionally believed to be painful.

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15
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy

A

Swollen Lymph nodes

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16
Q

What factors interfere with wound healing?

A
  • Infection
  • Poor nutrition
  • Catabolic interventions (corticosteroids, chemotherapies & radiation)
  • POOR VASCULAR SUPPLY
  • Smoking and alcohol
  • Foreign objects & mechanical forces
  • Aging
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17
Q

Where do A delta fibers, C fibers , & Aß fibers terminate?

A

Either on the dorsal gray matter on either interneurons or T (transmission) cells

18
Q

What tissues contain labile cells?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Epidermis
  • Gastrointestinal epithelium
  • Bronchial epithelium
19
Q

What tissues contain stable cells?

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
20
Q

When does peak remodeling influence occur?

A

Between weeks 1-8

21
Q

What internal mechanisms interfere with wound healing?

A
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic Heart Failure
  • HIV
  • Stress
22
Q

What is the purpose of collagen in tissue healing?

A
  • Provides support and tensile strength to the tissue
  • Makes up the extracellular matrix
23
Q

What two key components do you need for regeneration?

A
  • Stem cells
  • Stromal framework
24
Q

What is the specificity theory of pain?

A

The idea is that sensation (pain) was attributed to a specific type of receptor.

25
Q

What occurs during the remodeling phase?

A
  1. Fibroblasts disappear
  2. Balance Synthesis/Lysis
  3. Collagen fibers become organized
  4. Blood vessels disappear
  5. H2O content decreases
26
Q

What produces collagen?

A

Fibroblasts and epithelial cells

27
Q

What are the components of healing?

A
  • Fibronectin
  • Proteoglycans and Elastin
  • Collagen
28
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

An increased sensitivity to feeling pain and an extreme response to pain

29
Q

What is the role of a physical therapist in the proliferation phase of healing?

A

Enhance proliferation and strengthen tissue

30
Q

What are the characteristics of C-Fibers?

A
  • Nonmylinated
  • small diameter
  • carry noxious crudely localized pain and temperature information to spinal cord
  • slow onset of firing
  • conduct slowly
  • accompanied by autonomic responses
    • nausea
    • sweating
    • increased HR and BP
    • dull
    • throbbing
    • Emotional response
31
Q

What are the two DIRECT pathways of the anterolateral system and what sensations responsible for?

A
  • Lateral spinothalamic
    • ​fast, noxious mechanical pain and temperature
  • Anterospinothalamic
    • ​Crude touch & pressure, itch, prolonged achy pain, some brainstem collaterals
32
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase?

A
  1. Re-epithelialization —► Wound closure
    • Contact inhibition —► stops from growing when they touch
  2. Fibroplasia —► Collagen production
  3. Wound contraction
    • ​​Myoblasts —► these contract to pull the wound together
  4. Neovascularization
    • ​​Endothelial buds & capillary loop
33
Q

How is 2nd intension healing different compared to 1st intension?

A
  • Larger scab
  • More inflammation
  • Larger amounts of granulations
  • Involves wound contraction
  • Myoblasts are a larger contributor to healing
34
Q

What is the pattern theory of pain?

A

The belief that stimuli (pain) is recognized by the brain through the increasing intensity and frequency of action potential firing and that the summation of this information is sent to the brain which then determines what is perceived.

35
Q

What is the inflammatory response to bacterial infection?

A

Acute inflammation is the result of neutrophilic release

36
Q

What is a pyogenic granuloma?

A
  • Highly vascular granulation tissue as a result of arrest of healing
  • Lose Inflammatory infiltrate & edema
37
Q

What is repair in tissue healing?

A

The partial or no regeneration with the formation of scar (fibrous fiber)

38
Q

What is the inflammatory response to viral infection?

A

Release of Lymphocytosis

39
Q

What is the role of a physical therapist in the acute phase of healing?

A

To limit excessive or prolonged inflammation

40
Q

What are the characteristics of A-ß fibers?

A
  • Large myelinated axons
  • Sense
    • Vibration
    • Stretching of skin
    • Mechanoreceptors
41
Q

How might you reduce excessive scar formation like that found in Hyperplastic Scarring?

A

Compression of the area during healing

42
Q

What are the two pathways from the spinal cord to the thalamus?

A

Direct and Indirect

PT 561 Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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