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Organisational behaviour > Week 3 Perception and Learning in Organisations > Flashcards

Week 3 Perception and Learning in Organisations Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Concept Defined

A

An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations

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2
Q

What are the three characteristics of self-concept

A

Complexity
Consistency
Clarity

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3
Q

A characteristic of self concept where people have multiple self-views

A

Complexity

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4
Q

Consistency is where people

A

have similar personality traits and values across multiple selves.

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5
Q

_____ is the degree to which a person has a clear, confidently defined and stable self concept

A

Clarity

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6
Q

People have better wellbeing with

A

Multiple selves (complexity)
Well-established selves (clarity)
Selves are similar and compatible with traits (consistency)

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7
Q

Multiple selves

A

(complexity)

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8
Q

(clarity)

A

Well-established selves

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9
Q

Selves are similar and compatible with traits

A

(consistency)

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10
Q

What are the Four ‘Selves’ of Self-Concept

A

Self-enhancement
Self-verification
Self-evaluation
Social self

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11
Q

The drive to promote/protect a positive self-view is known as

A

Self-enhancement

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12
Q

Self-verification

A

The verification and maintenance of existing self-concepts

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13
Q

Evaluating ourselves through self-___, self-___, and locus of control is Self-_____

A

self-esteem, efficacy evaluation

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14
Q

Social self

A

Defining ourselves in terms of group membership

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15
Q

Positive self-enhancement concept outcomes

A

Better personal adjustment and mental and physical health and inflates personal causation and probability of success

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16
Q

Self-verification stabilises our

A

self-concept

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17
Q

Self-verification outcomes: _____ attention, acceptance and memory of _____ consistent with our self-concept
We _____ more with those who affirm and reflect our current self-concept

A

Selective, information, interact

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18
Q

Self-Evaluation consists of

A

Self-esteem
Self-Eficacy
Locus of control

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19
Q

Social identity:

A

defining ourselves through groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment

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20
Q

We identify with groups that support self-_____

A

enhancement

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21
Q

The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us -

A

Perception

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22
Q

Perception in determining

A
  • which information gets noticed
  • How to categorise this information
  • How to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework
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23
Q

Selective attention:

A

The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information

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24
Q

Confirmation bias:

A

we screen out information contrary to our beliefs and values

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25
Q

______ thinking is the organising of people into _____ categories that are stored in our ____

A

Categorical, preconceived, LTM

26
Q

Perceptual Organisation/Interpretation involve

A

Categorical thinking
Perceptual grouping principles
Interpreting incoming information

27
Q

Categorical thinking is

A

Mostly non-conscious process of organising people and things

28
Q

What are the 3 Perceptual grouping principles

A

Similarity or proximity
Closure: filling in missing pieces
Perceiving trends

29
Q

Interpreting incoming information is done by

A

Emotional markers that automatically evaluate information

30
Q

Mental Modes

A

The visual or relational images in our mind that represent the external world

31
Q

Helps us to make sense of incoming stimuli

A

Mental modes

32
Q

A problem can occur when _____ modes block recognition of new opportunities and perspectives

A

Mental

33
Q

Stereotyping

A

Assigning traits to people based on social category membership

34
Q

Stereotyping occurs because of

A

Categorical thinking
Innate drive to understand and anticipate others’ behaviour
Enhances our self-concept

35
Q

Social identity and self-enhancement reinforce stereotyping through

A

Categorisation, Homogenisation, Differentiation

36
Q

Categorisation:

A

organise people into groups

37
Q

To assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups is

A

Homogenisation

38
Q

Differentiation process:

A

is to assign less favourable attributes to other groups

39
Q

Stereotyping problems

A

Overgeneralises, i.e. does not represent everyone in the category
Basis of systemic and intentional discrimination

40
Q

Attribution Process is comprised of 2 Attributions

A

Internal and external

41
Q

Internal Attribution

A

Perception that behaviour is caused by person’s own motivation or ability

42
Q

External attribution

A

Perception that behaviour is caused by situation or fate—beyond person’s control

43
Q

The 2 Attribution rules

A

Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus

44
Q

How often did the person act this way in the past?

A

Consistency

45
Q

Distinctiveness:

A

How often does the person act this way in other settings

46
Q

How often do other peoples act this way in similar situations

A

Consensus.

47
Q

Attribution Errors

A

Self-serving bias

Fundamental attribution error

48
Q

Attributing own actions to internal and external factors and others’ actions to internal factors is know as

A

Fundamental attribution error

49
Q

Attributing our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors is known as

A

Self-serving bias

50
Q

What is the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act more consistently with those expectations

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

51
Q

What are the 4 Steps in Self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

1 Supervisor forms expectation about employee
2 Supervisors expectations affect their attitude towards employee
3 Supervisor’s behaviour affects employees abilities and self-confidence
4 Employees behaviour becomes consistent with supervisors expectations

52
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Effect is Strongest

A

At the beginning of the relationship (e.g. employee joins the team)
When several people have similar expectations about the person
When the employee has low rather than high past achievement

53
Q

Other Perceptual Effects

A

Halo effect
False-consensus effect
Primacy effect
Recency effect

54
Q

What is the perceptual error in which our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, colours our perception of other characteristics of that person

A

Halo effect

55
Q

What is the perceptual error in which we overestimate the extent to which other have beliefs and characteristics that are similar to our own

A

False-consensus effect

56
Q

What is the perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of the person based on the first information we receive of them

A

Primacy effect

57
Q

What is the perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perceptions of others

A

Recency effect

58
Q

Awareness of perceptual biases, Improving self-awareness, Meaningful interaction are all

A

Strategies to Improve Perceptions

59
Q

What process provides employees the opportunity to provide each other with feedback regarding their behaviour and offers disclosure as a way to improve perception

A

Johari Window

60
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

A theory that implies more we interact with someone the less we will be prejudiced or perceptually biased towards that person

61
Q

An individual’s ability to perceive, appreciate and empathises with people from other cultures and to process complex cross-cutual information

A

Global mindset.

Organisational behaviour (14 decks)

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