Week 3 Perception and Learning in Organisations Flashcards
Self-Concept Defined
An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations
What are the three characteristics of self-concept
Complexity
Consistency
Clarity
A characteristic of self concept where people have multiple self-views
Complexity
Consistency is where people
have similar personality traits and values across multiple selves.
_____ is the degree to which a person has a clear, confidently defined and stable self concept
Clarity
People have better wellbeing with
Multiple selves (complexity)
Well-established selves (clarity)
Selves are similar and compatible with traits (consistency)
Multiple selves
(complexity)
(clarity)
Well-established selves
Selves are similar and compatible with traits
(consistency)
What are the Four ‘Selves’ of Self-Concept
Self-enhancement
Self-verification
Self-evaluation
Social self
The drive to promote/protect a positive self-view is known as
Self-enhancement
Self-verification
The verification and maintenance of existing self-concepts
Evaluating ourselves through self-___, self-___, and locus of control is Self-_____
self-esteem, efficacy evaluation
Social self
Defining ourselves in terms of group membership
Positive self-enhancement concept outcomes
Better personal adjustment and mental and physical health and inflates personal causation and probability of success
Self-verification stabilises our
self-concept
Self-verification outcomes: _____ attention, acceptance and memory of _____ consistent with our self-concept
We _____ more with those who affirm and reflect our current self-concept
Selective, information, interact
Self-Evaluation consists of
Self-esteem
Self-Eficacy
Locus of control
Social identity:
defining ourselves through groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment
We identify with groups that support self-_____
enhancement
The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us -
Perception
Perception in determining
- which information gets noticed
- How to categorise this information
- How to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework
Selective attention:
The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information
Confirmation bias:
we screen out information contrary to our beliefs and values
______ thinking is the organising of people into _____ categories that are stored in our ____
Categorical, preconceived, LTM
Perceptual Organisation/Interpretation involve
Categorical thinking
Perceptual grouping principles
Interpreting incoming information
Categorical thinking is
Mostly non-conscious process of organising people and things
What are the 3 Perceptual grouping principles
Similarity or proximity
Closure: filling in missing pieces
Perceiving trends
Interpreting incoming information is done by
Emotional markers that automatically evaluate information
Mental Modes
The visual or relational images in our mind that represent the external world
Helps us to make sense of incoming stimuli
Mental modes
A problem can occur when _____ modes block recognition of new opportunities and perspectives
Mental
Stereotyping
Assigning traits to people based on social category membership
Stereotyping occurs because of
Categorical thinking
Innate drive to understand and anticipate others’ behaviour
Enhances our self-concept
Social identity and self-enhancement reinforce stereotyping through
Categorisation, Homogenisation, Differentiation
Categorisation:
organise people into groups
To assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups is
Homogenisation
Differentiation process:
is to assign less favourable attributes to other groups
Stereotyping problems
Overgeneralises, i.e. does not represent everyone in the category
Basis of systemic and intentional discrimination
Attribution Process is comprised of 2 Attributions
Internal and external
Internal Attribution
Perception that behaviour is caused by person’s own motivation or ability
External attribution
Perception that behaviour is caused by situation or fate—beyond person’s control
The 2 Attribution rules
Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus
How often did the person act this way in the past?
Consistency
Distinctiveness:
How often does the person act this way in other settings
How often do other peoples act this way in similar situations
Consensus.
Attribution Errors
Self-serving bias
Fundamental attribution error
Attributing own actions to internal and external factors and others’ actions to internal factors is know as
Fundamental attribution error
Attributing our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors is known as
Self-serving bias
What is the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act more consistently with those expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What are the 4 Steps in Self-fulfilling prophecy?
1 Supervisor forms expectation about employee
2 Supervisors expectations affect their attitude towards employee
3 Supervisor’s behaviour affects employees abilities and self-confidence
4 Employees behaviour becomes consistent with supervisors expectations
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Effect is Strongest
At the beginning of the relationship (e.g. employee joins the team)
When several people have similar expectations about the person
When the employee has low rather than high past achievement
Other Perceptual Effects
Halo effect
False-consensus effect
Primacy effect
Recency effect
What is the perceptual error in which our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, colours our perception of other characteristics of that person
Halo effect
What is the perceptual error in which we overestimate the extent to which other have beliefs and characteristics that are similar to our own
False-consensus effect
What is the perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of the person based on the first information we receive of them
Primacy effect
What is the perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perceptions of others
Recency effect
Awareness of perceptual biases, Improving self-awareness, Meaningful interaction are all
Strategies to Improve Perceptions
What process provides employees the opportunity to provide each other with feedback regarding their behaviour and offers disclosure as a way to improve perception
Johari Window
Contact Hypothesis
A theory that implies more we interact with someone the less we will be prejudiced or perceptually biased towards that person
An individual’s ability to perceive, appreciate and empathises with people from other cultures and to process complex cross-cutual information
Global mindset.
