Week 3 Perception and Learning in Organisations

Question 1

Self-Concept Defined

Answer 1

An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations

Question 2

What are the three characteristics of self-concept

Answer 2

Complexity
Consistency
Clarity

Question 3

A characteristic of self concept where people have multiple self-views

Answer 3

Complexity

Question 4

Consistency is where people

Answer 4

have similar personality traits and values across multiple selves.

Question 5

_____ is the degree to which a person has a clear, confidently defined and stable self concept

Answer 5

Clarity

Question 6

People have better wellbeing with

Answer 6

Multiple selves (complexity)
Well-established selves (clarity)
Selves are similar and compatible with traits (consistency)

Question 7

Multiple selves

Answer 7

(complexity)

Question 8

(clarity)

Answer 8

Well-established selves

Question 9

Selves are similar and compatible with traits

Answer 9

(consistency)

Question 10

What are the Four ‘Selves’ of Self-Concept

Answer 10

Self-enhancement
Self-verification
Self-evaluation
Social self

Question 11

The drive to promote/protect a positive self-view is known as

Answer 11

Self-enhancement

Question 12

Self-verification

Answer 12

The verification and maintenance of existing self-concepts

Question 13

Evaluating ourselves through self-___, self-___, and locus of control is Self-_____

Answer 13

self-esteem, efficacy evaluation

Question 14

Social self

Answer 14

Defining ourselves in terms of group membership

Question 15

Positive self-enhancement concept outcomes

Answer 15

Better personal adjustment and mental and physical health and inflates personal causation and probability of success

Question 16

Self-verification stabilises our

Answer 16

self-concept

Question 17

Self-verification outcomes: _____ attention, acceptance and memory of _____ consistent with our self-concept
We _____ more with those who affirm and reflect our current self-concept

Answer 17

Selective, information, interact

Question 18

Self-Evaluation consists of

Answer 18

Self-esteem
Self-Eficacy
Locus of control

Question 19

Social identity:

Answer 19

defining ourselves through groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment

Question 20

We identify with groups that support self-_____

Answer 20

enhancement

Question 21

The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us -

Answer 21

Perception

Question 22

Perception in determining

Answer 22

• which information gets noticed
• How to categorise this information
• How to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework

Question 23

Selective attention:

Answer 23

The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information

Question 24

Confirmation bias:

Answer 24

we screen out information contrary to our beliefs and values

Question 25

______ thinking is the organising of people into _____ categories that are stored in our ____

Answer 25

Categorical, preconceived, LTM

Question 26

Perceptual Organisation/Interpretation involve

Answer 26

Categorical thinking Perceptual grouping principles Interpreting incoming information

Question 27

Categorical thinking is

Answer 27

Mostly non-conscious process of organising people and things

Question 28

What are the 3 Perceptual grouping principles

Answer 28

Similarity or proximity Closure: filling in missing pieces Perceiving trends

Question 29

Interpreting incoming information is done by

Answer 29

Emotional markers that automatically evaluate information

Question 30

Mental Modes

Answer 30

The visual or relational images in our mind that represent the external world

Question 31

Helps us to make sense of incoming stimuli

Answer 31

Mental modes

Question 32

A problem can occur when _____ modes block recognition of new opportunities and perspectives

Answer 32

Mental

Question 33

Stereotyping

Answer 33

Assigning traits to people based on social category membership

Question 34

Stereotyping occurs because of

Answer 34

Categorical thinking Innate drive to understand and anticipate others’ behaviour Enhances our self-concept

Question 35

Social identity and self-enhancement reinforce stereotyping through

Answer 35

Categorisation, Homogenisation, Differentiation

Question 36

Categorisation:

Answer 36

organise people into groups

Question 37

To assign similar traits within a group; different traits to other groups is

Answer 37

Homogenisation

Question 38

Differentiation process:

Answer 38

is to assign less favourable attributes to other groups

Question 39

Stereotyping problems

Answer 39

Overgeneralises, i.e. does not represent everyone in the category Basis of systemic and intentional discrimination

Question 40

Attribution Process is comprised of 2 Attributions

Answer 40

Internal and external

Question 41

Internal Attribution

Answer 41

Perception that behaviour is caused by person’s own motivation or ability

Question 42

External attribution

Answer 42

Perception that behaviour is caused by situation or fate—beyond person’s control

Question 43

The 2 Attribution rules

Answer 43

Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus

Question 44

How often did the person act this way in the past?

Answer 44

Consistency

Question 45

Distinctiveness:

Answer 45

How often does the person act this way in other settings

Question 46

How often do other peoples act this way in similar situations

Answer 46

Consensus.

Question 47

Attribution Errors

Answer 47

Self-serving bias | Fundamental attribution error

Question 48

Attributing own actions to internal and external factors and others’ actions to internal factors is know as

Answer 48

Fundamental attribution error

Question 49

Attributing our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors is known as

Answer 49

Self-serving bias

Question 50

What is the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act more consistently with those expectations

Answer 50

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 51

What are the 4 Steps in Self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 51

1 Supervisor forms expectation about employee 2 Supervisors expectations affect their attitude towards employee 3 Supervisor's behaviour affects employees abilities and self-confidence 4 Employees behaviour becomes consistent with supervisors expectations

Question 52

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Effect is Strongest

Answer 52

At the beginning of the relationship (e.g. employee joins the team) When several people have similar expectations about the person When the employee has low rather than high past achievement

Question 53

Other Perceptual Effects

Answer 53

Halo effect False-consensus effect Primacy effect Recency effect

Question 54

What is the perceptual error in which our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, colours our perception of other characteristics of that person

Answer 54

Halo effect

Question 55

What is the perceptual error in which we overestimate the extent to which other have beliefs and characteristics that are similar to our own

Answer 55

False-consensus effect

Question 56

What is the perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of the person based on the first information we receive of them

Answer 56

Primacy effect

Question 57

What is the perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perceptions of others

Answer 57

Recency effect

Question 58

Awareness of perceptual biases, Improving self-awareness, Meaningful interaction are all

Answer 58

Strategies to Improve Perceptions

Question 59

What process provides employees the opportunity to provide each other with feedback regarding their behaviour and offers disclosure as a way to improve perception

Answer 59

Johari Window

Question 60

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 60

A theory that implies more we interact with someone the less we will be prejudiced or perceptually biased towards that person

Question 61

An individual's ability to perceive, appreciate and empathises with people from other cultures and to process complex cross-cutual information

Answer 61

Global mindset.