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Anatomy > Week 3 Neural Pathways and Integration > Flashcards

Week 3 Neural Pathways and Integration Flashcards

1
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

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2
Q

Center

A

Group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries

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4
Q

Nerve

A

Axon bundle extending through the PNS

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5
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Network of nerves

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6
Q

Tract

A

CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination

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7
Q

Funiculus

A

Group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord

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8
Q

Pathway

A

Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems

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9
Q

3 Types of Tracts

A
  1. Association Tracts
  2. Commissural Tracts
  3. Projection Tracts
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10
Q

Association Tracts

A

Connect different regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

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11
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Between cerebral hemispheres

Ex. corpus collosum

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12
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Link cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions

Ex. corticospinal tract from cerebrum to brainstem to spinal cord

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13
Q

2 Types of Association Tracts

A
  1. Arcuate fibers

2. Longitudinal fasciculi

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14
Q

Arcuate Fibers

A

Type of Association Tract

*Connect neighboring gyri within a single cerebral lobe

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15
Q

Longitudinal Fasciculi

A

Type of Association Tract

*Connect gyri between different cerebral lobes of the same hemisphere

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16
Q

Decussation in pyramids occurs where

A

In medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Sensory spinal tracts

A

Exact opposite from brain, in brain grey matter is on outside, in spinal cord grey matter is on inside

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18
Q

CNS communicates with body structures via

A

Pathways

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19
Q

Pathways

A

How CNS communicates with body structures
-sensory or motor info
-processing and integration occur continuously
Pathways travel through the white matter of spinal cord
Connect various CNS regions with peripheral nerves

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20
Q

Nervous system pathways consist of

A

A tract and a nucleus

Each tract may work with multiple nuclei groups in the CNS

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS

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22
Q

Ascending Pathways

A

Carry sensory information from the peripheral body to the brain

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23
Q

Descending Pathways

A

Transmit motor information from the brain or brainstem to muscles or glands

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24
Q

Decussation

A

Pathways typically cross over from one side of the body to the other at some point
*The left side of the brain processes information from the right side of the body and vice versa

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25
Q

Cajal theory about decussation

A

From aquatic brain to higher vertebrate. Reflex response, when fish see predator you move away. In vertebrate is on opposite side

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26
Q

Somatotopy

A

Pathways that connect these parts of the cortex to a specific body part exhibit this

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27
Q

Nervous system pathways

A

Most exhibit a precise correspondence between a specific area of the body and a specific area of the CNS
A pathway on L side of CNS has a matching tract on the R side of the CNS
Both L and R tracts are needed to innervate both L and R sides of body
Pathways are composed of a series of two or three neurons that work together

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28
Q

Areas that are highly controlled

A

Hands, face, tongue

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29
Q

All Nervous systems pathways are composed of

A

Paired tracts

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30
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

Have primary neurons, secondary neurons and sometimes tertiary neurons that facilitate the pathway’s functioning
Conduct information about limb position and the sensations of touch, temperature, pressure and pain

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31
Q

Motor Pathways

A

Use upper motor neurons and a lower motor neuron

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32
Q

Sensory Input

A

Sensory receptors detect stimuli and then conduct nerve impulses to the CNS
Sensory pathway centers within either the spinal cord or brainstem process and filter the incoming sensory information
99% of incoming impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness

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33
Q

Incoming impulses

A

99% of incoming impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness
A lot of what goes on in brainstem is filtration

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34
Q

Type of information sensory pathways conduct

A

Limb position and the sensations of touch, temperature, pressure and pain

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35
Q

Type of info received from somatosensory pathways

A

Recptors within the skin, muscles and joints.

-mainly stretching sensation

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36
Q

Somatosensory Pathways

A

Process stimuli received from receptors within the skin, muscles and joints
*mainly stretching sensation

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37
Q

Viscerosensory pathways

A

Process stimuli received from the viscera

Ex. nausea, scratchy throat. Not as precisely located as others

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38
Q

Primary (First-Order) Neuron

A

Sensory pathways utilize a series of two or three neurons to transmit stimulus info from the body periphery to the brain
The first neuron is the primary (first-order) neuron
The dendrites are part of the receptor that detects a specific stimulus
Cell bodies reside in the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves or the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

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39
Q

Dendrites are part of

A

The receptor that detects a specific stimulus

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40
Q

Cell bodies reside

A

In the posterior root ganglia of spinal nerves or the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

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41
Q

Secondary (Second-Order) Neuron

A

The axon of the primary neuron projects to a secondary neuron within the CNS.
Is an interneuron
The cell body resides within either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem nucleus
The axon projects to the thalamus, where it synapses with the tertiary neuron

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42
Q

Interneuron

A

The secondary neuron

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43
Q

The cell body of the secondary neuron resides within

A

either the posterior horn of the spinal cord or a brainstem nucleus

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44
Q

The axon of the secondary neuron axon projects to the

A

Thalamus, where it synapses with the tertiary neuron

45
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus - Sensory impulses form all conscious senses EXCEPT olfaction converge on the thalamus

46
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory impulses form all conscious senses except olfaction converge on the thalamus

47
Q

Ventral Posterior Nuclei

A

Relay sensory information to primary somatosensory cortex of parietal lobe

48
Q

5 Parts of Thalamus

A
  1. Meidal group - consciousness, emotion
  2. Lateral group - mood
  3. Posterior group - special sense
  4. Anterior group - mood
  5. Ventral group - somatomotor, somatosensory
49
Q

Thalamus Medial group

A

Consciousness and emotion

50
Q

Thalamus Lateral group

A

Mood

51
Q

Thalamus Posterior group

A

Special sense

52
Q

Thalamus Anterior group

A

Mood

53
Q

Thalamus Ventral group

A

Somatomotor and somatosensory

54
Q

Sensory information from CN V, CN VII, CN IX and CN X are also

A

Integrated in the ventroposterolateral nuclei via the trigeminothalamic tract

55
Q

Tertiary (Third-Order) Neuron

A

Also an interneuron
Its cell body resides within the thalamus
The thalamus is the central processing center for almost all sensory information

56
Q

3 Sensory tracts in the spinal cord

A
  1. Posterior funiculus
  2. Spinocerebellar pathway
  3. Anterolateral pathway
57
Q

Fasciculus Cuneatus Pathway

A

Posterior Funiculus-Medial Lemniscal Pathway

*Posterior Funiculus

58
Q

Fasciculus Gracilis Pathway

A

Posterior Funiculus-Medial Lemniscal Pathway

*Posterior Funiculus

59
Q

Anterior spinothalamic Pathway

A

Anterolateral Pathway

*Anterior Funiculus

60
Q

Lateral spinothalamic Pathway

A

Anterolateral Pathway

*Lateral Funiculus

61
Q

Anterior spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Spinocerebellar Pathway

*Lateral

62
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Spinocerebellar Pathway

*Lateral Funiculus

63
Q

Function Fasciculus Cuteatus

A

(Posterior Funiculus)
Conduct sensory impulses for proprioceptive info about limb position and discriminative touch, precise pressure and vibration sensation

64
Q

Function Fasciculus Gracilis

A

(Posterior Funiculus)
Conduct sensory impulses for proprioceptive info about limb position and discriminative touch, precise pressure and vibration sensation

65
Q

Function Anterior spinothalamic

A

(Anterior Funiculus)

Conducts sensory impulses for crude touch and pressure

66
Q

Function Lateral spinothalamic

A

(Lateral Funiculus)

Conducts sensory impulses for pain and temperature

67
Q

Function Anterior spinocerebellar

A

(Lateral Funiculus)

Conducts proprioceptive impulses from inferior regions of trunk and lower limbs

68
Q

Function Posterior spinocerebellar

A

(Lateral Funiculus)

Conducts proprioceptive impulses from lower limbs, region of trunk and upper limbs.

69
Q

Is there tertiary for spinocerebellar?

A

No tertiary

70
Q

Posterior Funiculus-Medial Lemniscal Pathway

A

Projects through the spinal cord, brainstem and diencephalon before terminationg within the cerebral cortex.

71
Q

Tracts within the spinal cord

A

Posterior funiculus

72
Q

Tracts within the brainstem

A

Medial lemniscus

73
Q

Anterolateral Pathway

A

Located in the anterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord
Axons projecting from primary neurons enter the spinal cord and synapse on secondary neurons within the posterior horns

74
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Regulation of posture, not under conscious control
Anterior and posterior tracts
They do NOT use tertiary neurons

75
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

Have primary neurons, secondary neurons and sometimes tertiary neurons that facilitate the pathway’s functioning

76
Q

Motor Pathways

A

Use upper motor neurons and a lower motor neuron

77
Q

Motor Pathways Descending pathways

A

in the brain and spinal cord that control activities of skeletal muscle

78
Q

Motor Pathways formed from

A

The cerebral nuclei, the cerebellum, descending projection tracts and motor neurons

79
Q

Motor Pathways regulate

A

The activities of skeletal muscle

Active control

80
Q

Function Lateral corticospinal tracts

A

Voluntary movement of limb muscles

81
Q

Function Anterior corticospinal tracts

A

Voluntary movement of axial muscles

Trunk

82
Q

Corticobulbar Tracts

A

Originate from the facial region of the motor homunculus within the primary motor cortex
Axons extend to the brainstem, where they synapse with lower motor neuron cell bodies that are housed within brainstem cranial nerve nuclei.
Axons of these lower motor neurons help form the cranial nerves.

83
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

A

Descend through the cerebral cortex through the brainstem and form a thick bulges in the medulla called the pyramids

84
Q

Pyramids

A

Descend from the cerebral cortex through the brainstem and form a pair of thick bulges in the medulla

85
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

A

Continue into the spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

86
Q

Indirect Pathway

A

Several nuclei within the mesencephalon initiate motor commands for activities that occur at an unconscious level
Cell bodies of its upper motor neurons are located within brainstem nuclei
Acons take a complex, circuitous route before finally conducting the motor impulse into the spinal cord

87
Q

Indirect motor pathways in the spinal cord

A

Originate from neurons housed within the brainstem
Muscular activity localized within the head, limbs and trunk of the body
Multisynatic
Exhibit a high degree of complexity

88
Q

Rubrospinal tract function

A

Regulates and controls precise, discrete movements and tone in flexor muscles of the limbs

89
Q

Reticulospinal tract function

A

Controls more unskilled automatic movements related to posture and maintaining balance

90
Q

Tectospinal tract function

A

Regulates positional changes of the arms, eyes, head and neck due to visual and auditory stimuli

91
Q

Vestibulospinal tract function

A

Regulates muscular activity that helps maintain balance during sitting, standing and walking

92
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract function

A

Voluntary limb muscles

93
Q

Rubrospinal tract function

A

Discrete movement: flexors of limbs

94
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary axial muscles

95
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Posture

96
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Balance during movement

97
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Visual and auditory integration with movement

98
Q

Voluntary: limb muscles

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

99
Q

Discrete movement: flexors of limbs

A

Rubrospinal tract

100
Q

Voluntary: axial muscles (trunk)

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

101
Q

Posture

A

Reticulospinal tract

102
Q

Balance during movement

A

Vestibulospinal tract

103
Q

Visual and auditory integration with movement

A

Tectospinal tract

104
Q

Tectum

A

Visual and auditory relay

105
Q

Tegmentum

A

Posture

106
Q

Reticular formation

A

discrete movement

107
Q

Red nucleus

A

Discrete movement

108
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Inhibit skeletal muscles

Anatomy (9 decks)

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