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Week 1 Lecture Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of medicine (Hippocratic Oath)

little interest in anatomy

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Comparative anatomy approach

1st to think in terms of adaptation and evolution

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3
Q

Herophilus & Erasistratus

A

1st systematic human dissections on cadavers and living criminals
Promoted idea of motor and sensory impulses

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4
Q

Galen

A

Roman (think gladiator)

Promoted idea that blood, not air, ran through vessels

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5
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A

Human body as greatest work of nature that should be studied

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6
Q

Andreas Vesalius (Andries van Wesel)

A

Father of Anatomical Study

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7
Q

Anatomy is the study of

A

Structure

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8
Q

Anatomists examine

A

the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs

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9
Q

4 Different ways to study anatomy

A
  1. Microscopic (histology)
  2. Developmental (embryology)
  3. Visible (Gross)
  4. Images (x-ray, CT, ultrasound, MRI)
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10
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Way to study anatomy

Histology

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11
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Way to study anatomy

Embryology

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12
Q

Visible Anatomy

A 
Way to study anatomy
AKA Gross Anatomy
Comparative (within or among species)
Functional
Abnormal or Diseased.
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13
Q

3 types of Gross Anatomy

A

(visible)

  1. Comparative
  2. Functional
  3. Abnormal
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14
Q

General Anatomy

A

Function, organization and relationships of structures in a organism.
Basic science side

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15
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

Puts structure, function, organization and relationships within an organism in the context of the maintenance of and healthy patient and prevention/treatment of disease

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16
Q

6 Levels of Organization in the Human Body

A
  1. Chemical (atom, molecule)
  2. Cellular (cells - histological level)
  3. Tissue (epithelial tissue - histological level)
  4. Organ (small intestine)
  5. Organ system (digestive)
  6. Organismal (whole human)
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17
Q

Organs

A

Different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions that form an organ

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18
Q

Organ System

A

Related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

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19
Q

Organism

A

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human.

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20
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin and associated glands (ex. hair)

Provides protection

  • regulate body temp
  • site of cutaneous receptors
  • synthesizes Vit D
  • Prevents water loss
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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Provides support and protection

  • sight of hematopoeisis (blood cell production)
  • stores calcium and phosphorous
  • allows for body movement
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22
Q

Muscular System

A

Produces body movement

-Generates heat when muscles contract

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23
Q

Nervous System

A

A regulatory system that

  • responds to sensory stimuli
  • helps control all other systems of the body
  • also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
  • controls body movement
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24
Q

Endocrine System

A 
(closely interacts with nervous system)
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones some of which regulate,
-body and cellular growth
-chemical levels in the body
-reproductive functions
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25
Cardiovascular System
Consists of a pump (the heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, gases, and pick up waste products
26
Lymphatic System
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) Initiates an immune response when necessary Pathway for cancer
27
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in the lungs
28
Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials - Absorbs nutrients - Expels waste products
29
Urinary System
Filters blood and removes waste products from the blood | -concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
30
Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (eg. testosterone) -transfers sperm to the female
31
Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (eg. estrogen and progesterone) - receives sperm from male - site of fertilization of oocyte - site of growth and development of embryo and fetus
32
2 body regions
1. Axial - head, neck, trunk | 2. Appendicular - appendages
33
Axial Region
Includes head, neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
34
Appendicular Region
Limbs, or appendages, attach to the body's axis
35
Leg Region
In anatomy this refers to the calf or Crural part of the leg
36
Thigh Region
In anatomy this refers to the thigh or Femoral part of the leg
37
Cephalic
Head
38
Frontal
Forehead
39
Orbital
Eye
40
Buccal
Cheek
41
Mental
Chin
42
Nasal
Nose
43
Oral
Mouth
44
Cervical
Neck
45
Deltoid
Shoulder
46
Axillary
Armpit
47
Brachial
Arm
48
Antecubital
Front of elbow
49
Antebrachial
Forearm
50
Coxal
Hip
51
Carpal
Wrist
52
Palmar
Palm
53
Digital
Finger
54
Femoral
Thigh
55
Patellar
Knee
56
Crural
Leg (Calf)
57
Pes
Foot
58
Sternal
Sternum
59
Pectoral
Chest
60
Mammary
Breast
61
3 parts that make up Thoracic
1 Sternal 2 Pectoral 3 Mammary
62
Abdominal
abdomen
63
Pelvic
Pelvic
64
Inguinal
Groin
65
Pubic
Pubic
66
Tarsal
ankle
67
Dorsum of the foot
top of foot
68
Otic
Ear
69
Occipital
Back of head
70
Deltoid
Shoulder
71
Brachial
Arm
72
Lumbar
Lower back
73
Vertebral
Spinal Column
74
Olecranal
Elbow
75
Sacral
Sacrum area
76
Dorsum of the hand
Posterior part of hand
77
Femoral
Thigh
78
Popliteal
Back of knee
79
Calcaneal
Heel
80
Regional Anatomy
Study of anatomy based on regions of body Emphasizes relationships among structures (COM)
81
Systemic Anatomy
Study of anatomy based on organ systems
82
Regional vs. Systemic approaches to study of anatomy
Regional based on regions of body vs. Systemic based on organ systems.
83
Anatomical Position
individual stands upright, feet parallel and flat, head level, eyes forward, arms at side, palms forward and thumbs away from body
84
Plane
An imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections
85
3 major anatomical planes
1. Coronal 2. Transverse 3. Sagittal
86
Sagittal Plane
Like sagittal suture, runs down middle of head. Some animals have sagittal crest on head. Cuts into L and R halves
87
Coronal Plane
Runs ear to ear (like coronal suture) cuts you into anterior and posterior
88
Transverse Plane
Goes across, like CT | Separates into superior and inferior parts
89
Midsagittal Plane
A sagittal plane in the body midline
90
Parasagittal Plane
A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right of it
91
Anterior
In front of toward the front surface Interchangeable with Ventral
92
Vental
Interchangeable with Anterior | Belly side
93
Posterior
In back of toward the back surface Interchangeable with Dorsal
94
Dorsal
Interchangeable with Posterior | back side
95
Superior
Toward the head or above | Interchangeable with Cranial
96
Cranial
aka Superior | At the head end
97
Inferior
Toward feet, not head | Interchangeable with Caudal
98
Caudal
aka Inferior | At the rear or tail end
99
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
100
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
101
Deep
On the inside, underneath another stucture
102
Superficial
On the outside
103
Proximal
Closest to point of attachment to trunk | typically used for limbs
104
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment | (typically used for limbs
105
2 enclosed cavities of the posterior aspect of the body
1. Cranial | 2. Vertebral
106
Cranial Cavity
Formed by the cranium and houses the brain
107
Vertebral Canal
Formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
108
2 layers lining thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
1. Parietal layer - lines internal surface of body wall | 2. Visceral layer - covers external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
109
Viscera
Organs
110
Parietal Layer
In thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities. | Lines internal surface of the body wall.
111
Visceral Layer
In thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities. | Covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
112
Serous cavity
Between the parietal and visceral layers contains a lubricating film of serous fluid. Acts as a bursa to reduce friction
113
Serous fluid
Reduces friction and helps organs move smoothly against both one another and body wall.
114
Posterior aspect contains
Cranial cavity | Vertebral canal
115
Ventral Cavity contains
Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities)
116
Abdominopelvic cavities contains
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
117
Mediastinum
The median space in the thoracic cavity | Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.
118
Pericardium
A 2-layered serous membrane that encloses the heart. Located within the mediastinum
119
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the lungs | Lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura
120
Pleura
A two-layered serous membrane lines the lungs. 2 layers: parietal, visceral Pleural cavity is between two
121
Parietal Pleura
Outer layer of lung lining. Lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
122
Visceral Pleura
Inner layer of lung lining. Lines the external surface of the lung.
123
Pleural Cavity
Narrow, moist, potential space between Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura
124
Peritoneum
A moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
125
9 compartments of Abdominopelvic Region
R hypochondriac, Epigastric, L hypochondriac R lumbar, Umbilical, L lumbar R Iliac, Hypogastric, L iliac
126
Epigastric Region
contains stomach
127
Left Hypochondriac Region
contains liver, spleen
128
Umbilical Region
Contains small intestine

Anatomy (9 decks)

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