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A&P II > Week 3 Heart > Flashcards

Week 3 Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What comes right after diastole?

A

Systole

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2
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle just BEFORE it starts to contract

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3
Q

What is the largest volume of blood in the ventricle during cardiac cycle?

A

End diastolic volume

Gotta fill it before pushing it out

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4
Q

What is systolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in ventricle
- just at the end of ejection
- at the end of systole
- just before heart starts to relax

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5
Q

What is the LOWEST volume of blood in the heart?

A

Systolic volume

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6
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood EJECTED from the ventricle in one cardiac cycle

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7
Q

What is the equation definition of stroke volume?

A

EDV - ESV = SV

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8
Q

What is the difference between EDV and ESV?

A

The amount of blood you pumped out

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9
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

A measure we use to talk about how efficiently the heart is working as a pump

A way of measuring what percentage of the volume of blood that was in the heart was pumped out

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10
Q

How to calculate ejection fraction?

A

SV divide by EDV X 100

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11
Q

What is P in an equation?

A

Arterial blood pressure

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12
Q

What is Q in an equation ?

A

Cardiac output

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13
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the ventricle over some unit of time

Usually minutes

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14
Q

What is the relatively normal cardiac output ?

A

5L per minute

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15
Q

What does R stand for in an equation?

A

Total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

What is the equation to determine cardiac output?

A

HR X SV = CO

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17
Q

If CO goes up, what happens to pressure?

A

It will go up

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18
Q

Do CO and BP change in the same direction?

A

Yes

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19
Q

How do we adjust pressure?

A

By changing cardiac output

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20
Q

If you change heart rate what changes?

A

CO and blood pressure changes

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21
Q

If you change CO, what changes?

A

Arterial blood pressure

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22
Q

If you change SV, what changes?

A

cardiac output

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23
Q

The chief determinant…

A

Chief determinant of arterial blood pressure is the amount of blood in the arterial side of circulation

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24
Q

What raises blood pressure?

A

Anything that helps to put more blood into arterial side of circulation or anything that makes it harder to leave the arterial side of circulation.

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25
Q

What lowers blood pressure?

A

Anything that makes it harder to get blood into the arterial side of circulation or easier to leave.

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26
Q

How is heart rate controlled?

A

At the SA node by the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity there

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27
Q

We can adjust things with neurons but what can’t we do with neutrons?

A

Trigger them

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28
Q

Increase sympathetic activity at the heart tend to what?

A

Raise heart rate

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29
Q

Increased parasympathetic activity at the heart tend to what?

A

Lower heart rate

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30
Q

What is in the carotid sinuses?

A

Baroreceptors

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31
Q

What does baroreceptors measure?

A

Pressure

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32
Q

The more baroreceptors stretch, the more what?

A

More indication of high pressure you have

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33
Q

Where do you have baroreceptors in the body?

A

In the carotid sinuses and aortic arch

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34
Q

What do aortic baroreceptors tell you?

A

when the pressure coming out of that ventricle is sufficient.

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35
Q

What do the carotid receptors tell you?

A

if you have enough pressure to profuse the rate and if there’s a difference of pressure on one side of carotids, you may have a blockage.

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36
Q

We have some constant level of autonomic nervous system activity, what are the advantages of that?

A

Being able to find the control disc and gives us the ability to increase or decrease both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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37
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

It is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of autonomic nervous system

38
Q

What is an autonomic reflex?

A

It control or adjust blood pressure

39
Q

How does autonomic reflex work?

A

The aortic/carotid baroreceptors receive a certain amount of stretch. That info is sent to medulla oblongata into an area called cardiac control center.

40
Q

Where does the cardiac control center take the info if blood pressure is low?

A

sends it to the cardiac acceleratory center

41
Q

What does cardio acceleratory center do with the low blood pressure info?

A

Send signals to SA node to raise heart rate

42
Q

What if BP is too high?

A

info from baroreceptors also sends to cardiac control center which integrates info to cardio inhibitory center

43
Q

Where does cardio inhibitory center send high BP info?

A

Send signals to SA node to decrease heart rate

44
Q

If blood pressure is high what is the arrow answer? What is it controlled by?

A

^BP -> baroreceptor detects -> CCC -> CIC -> down HR -> down Q -> down BP

Negative feedback, stimulus went down

45
Q

If blood pressure is low what is the arrow answer?

A

Down BP -> baroreceptor detects -> CCC -> CAC -> ^ HR -> ^ Q -> ^ BP

46
Q

What’s another reflex that can adjust heart rate for a few moments?

A

Atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflext

47
Q

What does the atrial/bambridge reflex do?

A

When you have a lot of blood going back into the right atrium, it stretches the right atrium and stretches the SA node and that stretch makes HR go up a couple beats so you can pump extra blood out of atrium

48
Q

What are the hormones that affect heart rate?

A

Thyroid hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

49
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of TENSION in the wall of ventricle just PRIOR to contraction.

50
Q

What is the less invasive way to estimate preload?

A

End diastolic volume

51
Q

What’s putting tension in wall of left ventricle just before contraction?

A

Amount of blood in it

52
Q

What happens to preload when EDV goes up? What happens if it goes down?

A

Preload goes up

Preload goes down if EDV goes down

53
Q

What happens to someone’s ejection fraction if someone has a heart failure?

A

Their ejection fraction goes down (efficiency of pump) and the amount of blood that stays in ventricle continues to rise and the ventricle gets very stretched and it take more work to start contraction

54
Q

Someone who has high preload, what do we do?

A

We need to lower blood volume so their EDV can go down

55
Q

What happens if you get rid of water from some parts of body,

A

The rest of water I’m body redistributes a lil and some water will leave blood

56
Q

What is afterload?

A

The work that the heart has to do to cause ejection

57
Q

If left ventricle can’t generate that much pressure then what?

A

You won’t have enough ejection cuz you won’t be able to open aortic valve

58
Q

What is the less invasive way of estimating afterload?

A

Arterial blood pressure

59
Q

What is the problem people when they are hypertensive?

A

They have high afterload,
heart has to work harder to cause ejection if BP is 160/95, than the person with 120/80 BP

60
Q

What is Frank-Starling Mechanism/Starling’s Law of the Heart?

A

When you increase stretch, you increase the force of contraction.

61
Q

Cardiac muscle contracts the same way as?

A

Skeletal muscle

You need an overlap of thick and thin filaments or you can’t get any movement

62
Q

If you put a skinny strip of cardiac muscle and clip a heavy 5 pound on it, what will happen

A

It won’t move due to an overstretch

63
Q

If heart contracts more forcefully, what goes up?

A

Stroke volume

64
Q

What causes stretch in a heart that’s in a person?

A

Increased blood right before ejection/contract

65
Q

What does EDV determine?

A

The stretch of the heart

66
Q

If EDV increases, what happens to the force of contraction ?

A

It will increase

67
Q

What are you looking for that makes you think this is a starling question?

A

Look for EDV change and change in stretch, etc

68
Q

Arrow answer of high EDV

A

^EDV -> ^stretch -> ^ force of contraction -> ^ SV -> ^Q -> ^BP

69
Q

Arrow answer for low EDV

A

Low EDV -> low stretch -> low force of contraction -> low SV -> low Q -> low BP

70
Q

Where do you see the work of EDV to BP in a normal healthy person

A

When transitioning from rest to exercise and vice versa.
Cardiac output changes dramatically

71
Q

What happens to cardiac output in the transition points of rest = exercise

A

Cardiac output changes dramatically

72
Q

Can we sow individual neurons back on to SA node?

A

NO

73
Q

Normal heart can adjust to force of contraction in many way, what is the main regulation of moment to moment in someone with heart transplant?

A

Frank starling mechanism

74
Q

What happens to frank starling mechanism during exercise? And how do we get both ventricles of SV to match up again?

A

Muscles are working and more blood is coming back to right side of heart and getting pumped out of left side of heart
- More blood coming back , stretches heart and right ventricular SV goes up.
- blood goes through the lungs
- and ultimately into left ventricle which now has a larger SV and it gets stretched so it’s contracting. Within a few beats, SV of both ventricles matched up again.

75
Q

What if I run home and i sit and rest?

A

Muscles are not working as hard and not breathing as hard = less blood is going back to the right side of heart

76
Q

Less stretched means what?

A

Smaller SV coming out of right ventricle and eventually will have a smaller EDV in left ventricle causing less stretch, causing SV to go down and you match again.

77
Q

What is the other way to change stroke volume?

A

Contractility

78
Q

What is contractility?

A

A change in the force of contraction WITHOUT a change in stretch

79
Q

If you’re reading a question on exam and it says “explain how joes CO could change under these conditions and EDV is stable” what does it mean?

A

If it’s stable or no change in EDV, means no change in stretch

80
Q

What is the only way you can change SV without change in stretch ?

A

Contractility

81
Q

Contractility is about what?

A

Chemicals

82
Q

What happens when some chemicals are placed on heart muscle?

A
  • It will make it contract more forcefully cuz that’s what they do
  • decrease how forcefully cardiac muscle contracts
  • contracts less forcefully
83
Q

when the hormones make the heart contract more forcefully, what happens to SV?

A

It increases

84
Q

What hormones will make heart contract more forcefully?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone

85
Q

Arrow answer of Contractility

A

Add chemical -> ^ Contractility -> ^ force of contraction -> ^ SV -> ^ Q -> ^ arterial BP

86
Q

What will change Contractility?

A

Neurotransmitter and hormones

87
Q

Once you get to the point where you are about to have the action that changed the SV..

A

What happens in Frank starling and change of Contractility are exactly the same

88
Q

The baroreceptors responses are the way that changes what?

A

Heart rate

89
Q

The Contractility and starling mechanism are ways that changes what

A

Stroke volume

90
Q

What is about heart rate?

A

Stroke volume mechanisms and baroreceptor responses

91
Q

When talking about changing stroke volume, what do you leave out?

A

Leave heart rate out of it

92
Q

What is the normal stroke volume?

A

75 ml

A&P II (17 decks)

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