Quiz 9/23 Flashcards
What are the accessory structures?
Oral cavity, rib cage, muscles associated with rib cage (diaphragm)
What is in the upper respiratory tract?
Everything in head including larynx
Lower respiratory tract
Anything below larynx
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, ventilation, protection of airways, production of sound, chemical analysis of air.
Why is gas exchange important?
It provides an enormous amount of surface are for gas exchange.
Is a DECREASE or INCREASE of surface area for gas exchange not good?
Decrease
Why is ventilation important?
It is the process of breathing in and out. It moves air to and from gas exchange.
Why is protection of airways important?
It protects gas exchange surfaces and other surfaces in airway from harmful chemicals, dehydration, extreme temperature, and invasion of pathogen.
What happens if harmful debris get into airway?
They will get to the gas exchange surfaces and damage them.
Why is production of sound important?
It allows us to speak
Why is chemical analysis important?
Sense of smell
What is respiratory mucosa?
The epithelium that lines most of the places in the airways, where gas exchange can’t take place.
What type of tissue lines the major airways?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What are goblet cells
It makes mucus
What are the purpose of the airways with too thick of lining and not enough blood flow to make it efficient for gas exchange?
Gets air to and from places where there’s gas exchange and protects gas exchange surfaces
Where does the goblet cells sit on top of?
Cilia
What happens to the air as it gets further into the lungs?
It slows down and particles fall out of the air and into the mucus where cilia beat and move the mucus up toward throat.
Mucociliary escalator
Where cilia beat and move blanket of mucus up toward the throat.
What do the chemicals in cigarette smoke do?
It paralyzes the cilia
Why do cigarette smokers cough so much?
They can’t move the gunk that’s in their lungs with cilia so they use air to move it and clear their airways.
Why are there sebaceous glands in skin?
Keeps skin flexible. Helps keep tissue moist and provides protection around nose.
What’s another word for the nose?
External/anterior nares. Nares for one. Nares for both.
What is the region just inside the external nares?
The vestibule
What is in the vestibule?
Hair called vibrissae which are coarse hairs and associated with sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Why would you want sebaceous glands associated with the vibrissae.
Makes the vibrissae sticky where particles can stick on it so debris can get out through sneezing or nose running.
What catches the particles in external nares?
Vibrissae and sebum
What is the main bony part of the septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
What is the other major part of the septum
Vomer
What is the purpose of the cartilage in septum?
By having anterior part of septum be cartilage, it decreases the likelihood of septum fracture.
What is the main cartilage in septum called?
Septal cartilage.
What is the cartilage on the bottom of septum?
Vomero nasal cartilage.
What is the septum covered with?
Epithelium
What is beneath the epithelium of the septum?
Very substantial blood supply
Why would you want a large blood supply to the septum?
WBC, and heat (protection system).
What is the purpose of the blood supply associated with septum?
Responsible for the warming and humidifying incoming air.
Deviated septum with chronic sinus infection
When sinus is not draining properly.
What is part of the ethmoid bone.
Two superiors nasal conchae and middle nasal conchae.
What is the area between the bones in nose called?
Meatus
What is the space below the inferior nasal conchae?
Inferior meatus’
Space below middle nasal conchae?
Middle meatus
Space below superior nasal conchae
Superior meatus
Which nasal conchae are their own bones?
Inferior nasal conchae
What is the purpose of the nasal conchae?
Slow down air and the swirl shape mixes air.
How does air move through the nasal cavity?
Air moves through the external nares, one of the meatus, internal (posterior) nares, nasal pharynx.
What is the nasal cavity, except the roof, called?
Nasal mucosa
What is on the roof of the nasal cavity
Lymphatic plexus which makes the tissue look yellow
Olfactory epithelium
Tissue that covers ethmoid bone
What are the functions of nose?
First part of pathway to get air to and from lungs.
What does the nasal mucosa on conchae and septum do?
Warm, filter, and humidify incoming air
What chemically analyzes the incoming air?
The olfactory epithelium at the top.
What does the conchae do?
Slow and stir the air. Slowing helps particles fall out so there’s less stuff to protect against when it gets further down the system as well as more effective smelling.
What swells and blocks the meatus, vestibule, or posterior nares?
Mucosa
What does the mucosa not cover?
Olfactory epithelium
What is the pharynx
A tube like structure, 5 inch long, part is lined with respiratory mucosa.
What are the three sections of the pharynx?
Nasal pharynx (extends from the interior nares to the soft palate), oropharynx (soft palate to hyoid bone), and laryngopharnx ( hyoid bone to larynx)
What are the functions of pharynx?
Common pathway for digestive and respiratory tracts, pathway to get air towards lungs and food towards stomach, phonation (making sound).
Why is pharynx involved with phonation?
It has smooth muscle and we can change the shape of the pharynx which affects bowel sounds.
What is the larynx also known as?
Voice box
How many cartilages does the larynx have?
- 3 paired and 3 unpaired (biggest).
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis ( moves when u swallow)
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform.
Intrinsic muscle of larynx
Origin and insertion in larynx involved with tightening vocal folds and moving them out of the way
Extrinsic muscle of larynx
Origin outside larynx on hyoid bone. Insertion on larynx. Elevates whole larynx when swallowing which causes epiglottis to flip over and cover entrance into the larynx.
What happens when talking with mouth full?
Epiglottis may not cover glottis before stuff gets in resulting in aspiration.
What does the larynx do for you?
Involved in phonation and articulation.
Where does tone come from
Paranasal sinuses
What are the functions of larynx?
Voice production, involved in warming, filtering, and humidifying incoming air, and protect entrance.
What is the trachea?
A 4 1/2 inch long tube. One end connects to larynx, and inferior end branches into primary bronchi, one for each lung. Diameter 2.5 cm
Why does wall of trachea need support?
We change pressure around trache
A to cause air to move in or to cause air to move out.
What is in the wall of trachea that helps support it?
C shaped rings
Why is there an opening in the posterior side of trachea?
When swallowing, esophagus can expand to the trachea.
What is the trachea lined with?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
What is the trachealis
It’s smooth muscle that can be used to constrict the trachea.
Function of trachea
Warming, humidifying, filtering income air. Passageway to get air to and from the lungs.
What does each lung have?
A primary bronchus (pleural:bronchi)
What is carina?
The bottom part of trachea where it branches.
Right bronchus difference than left
Bigger in diameter and is closer to vertical than left due to right lung bigger than left.
Does the cartilage rings close?
No
What does the primary bronchi branch to?
Secondary bronchi
What is the primary bronchus main airway of?
Main airway of a whole lung
What is the secondary bronchus main airway of?
Main airway of a lobe of a lung
How many secondary bronchi in right lung?
3
How many secondary bronchi in left lung?
2.
Where does secondary bronchi branch off to?
Tertiary bronchi
What are bronchioles?
Respiratory equivalent of arterioles. Do not have cartilage, some smooth muscle in the wall.
Terminal bronchioles
The last level of bronchiole that is not involved in gas exchange.
Where is the first place in lung where we get gas exchange?
Respiratory bronchioles.
How to have a wall of the airway thin enough?
Lining that is simple squamous and no muscle Bc it makes wall too thick for gas exchange to be efficient.
What is after respiratory bronchiole?
A tube called alveolar duct where gas exchange can happen.
What is after alevolar duct?
Alveoli which are collections of sacs
What can be involved in gas exchange?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
What is alveolus made up of?
Alveolar cell or type 1 neumocyte which are simple squamous epithelial cells. Type 2 neumocyte or type 2 alveolar cell which are cuboidal.
What are type 1 alveolar cell?
Type of alveolar cell that gas exchange is taking place through
What is the 2 alveolar cells?
Makes surfactant
What happens once we get to the alveoli?
The water that we put in air to keep it humidify so it doesn’t damage cell, can accumulate on the inside of the alveolus.
What happens when water is attracted to each other?
Surface tension
What happens when surface tension is created by water in alveolus
Very thin water in alveolus is trying to decrease the size of the alveolus which is bad bc if it reduces surface area.
What does the type 2 alveolar cells do to help with surface tension?
Secretes something that is lipid like on the surface of water inside alveolus.
What happens when there is surface tension with alveolus?
Water pulls alveolus in, type 2 cell puts surfactant on top of water layer, as we pull the wall of alveolus in, it compresses the the surfactant which pushes back.
What is the function of an alveolus?
Gas exchange.
What to know about lung tissue
It’s almost completely airspace.
What lobes are in the right lung?
Superior love, middle lobe, inferior lobe
What shape are lungs?
approximately cone shaped. Apex site right under thoracic
Where does the top of lung sit?
Apex right at the top of thoracic cavity
Where does the base of lung sit at?
Diaphragm
What is the left lungs lobe named?
Superior lobe and inferior lobe
What is the oblique fissure?
Separates inferior and middle lobes
What is the horizontal fissure?
Separate superior and middle lobe
What is the cardiac notch?
The left lungs indentation where a portion of the heart sits in.
What fissure is in the left lung?
Oblique fissure
What is the hilum?
A slit in the medial side of lungs.
What is the root of the lung consist of?
Pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, and primary bronchus of that lung
Why does the visceral pleura sticks to the surface of the lung?
Because every there is nothing in lung to support it.
What is in between the pleural space and parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
Is the lung in the pleural cavity?
No. It is surrounded by it
What are the function of lung?
Gas exchange, air distribution,
What happens when fluid gets into pericardium?
fibrous pericardium can’t stretch and fluid can’t compress so you compress the heart.
