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A&P II > Lecture 5 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of system is the lymphatic system?

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

How is the lymphatic system different than the blood circulation?

A
  • Its only HALf a circulatory system
  • no pump that’s part of it
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3
Q

The heart is not running the lymphatic system T/F

A

True

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4
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. To maintain fluid balance in the internal environment
  2. Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
  3. It carry lipids that you absorb from what you’ve ingested
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5
Q

What don’t we see in lymph but see in blood?

A

Clotting proteins

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6
Q

If a person has an issue with their lymphatic system and one of their large lymphatic vessels are damaged, what happens?

A

They need surgery to repair it because lymph can’t clot, you can’t stop the loss
- if you have a hole in a big lymphatic vessel, you’re not getting fluid back into the blood that’s supposed to be there.

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7
Q

What does the lymphatic system start with?

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are _______ than blood capillaries

A

Bigger

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are blind ended whereas blood capillaries_____

A

One end starts where arterial starts and it ends where Venules are
- Lymph capillary starts with blind ended thing and the lymph capillaries will pick up fluid which will move it into small lymphatic vessels and into large lymphatic vessels.

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10
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than?

A

Sinusoids

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11
Q

Why do we need the lymphatic capillaries to be the most permeable?

A

It makes it the easiest for fluid to move into the lymphatic capillaries
- big holes in the walls of lymphatic capillaries makes it easier for the lymphocytes to go in from tissues and into lymph capillaries or from lymph capillaries and into the tissues

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12
Q

Where can we find lymphatic capillaries? And why?

A

Around blood capillaries
- to absorb (fluid that needs to be picked up by lymphatic capillaries is coming out of the blood capillaries)
- location that makes it the easiest to pick up so we can get it back to the lymphatic system

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13
Q

As we move away from the lymphatic capillaries and toward larger lymphatic vessels, what do they have?

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica external like arteries and veins do and they tend to travel together

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14
Q

Just like blood capillaries, the walls of the lymphatic capillaries are?

A

Single cell layer thick

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15
Q

Lymphatic vessels look and act a lot like?

A

Veins

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16
Q

How are lymphatic vessels different than veins?

A
  • lymphatic vessels have more valves (bc we don’t have a pump directly attached to lymphatic system. Completely dependent on skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump)
  • lymphatic vessels seem to have the ability to repair themselves faster than blood vessels do
    We get a solid cord of cells that hollows out an connect back to lymphatic vessels that are working
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17
Q

What helps us a make lymph move?

A

The same things that’s gonna help us increase venous return
- skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

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18
Q

The heart being connected to the arterial side of the blood circulation, it’s pumping power helps what

A

Helps blood move through capillaries
- Lymphatic system doesn’t have that

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19
Q

Valves in lymphatic vessels work exactly the same way that valves work in a _____

A

Peripheral vein

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20
Q

When you look at a lymphatic vessel, larger than a capillary, it has the three layers but what are the distinctiveness between the three layers are NOT as?

A

clear as it is in an artery.

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21
Q

What are the two large lymphatic vessels ?

A

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct

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22
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains what?

A

The right side of head, right side of thoracic cavity, and right arm

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23
Q

The right lymphatic duct empties into?

A

Right subclavian vein
- that’s how we’re gonna get it back into the blood

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24
Q

The thoracic duct is gonna receive lymph from?

A

Left side of head, left side of thoracic cavity, left arm, and everything below diaphragm

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25
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty into?

A

Left subclavian vein

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26
Q

What is the structure in the beginning of the thoracic duct called?

A

Cisterna chyle
- in abdominal cavity

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27
Q

The fluid in the cisterna chyle and most of thoracic duct looks like what and why?

A

Milk
- all the lipids that were absorbed from what you digested go into thoracic duct

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28
Q

How long is the thoracic duct itselF

A

16 inch long
1.5 diameter

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29
Q

We sort lymphocyte into two major catergories:

A

T cells/T lymphocyte (T stands flfthymus dependent)
B cells/B lymphocyte (bone dependent)

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30
Q

When B cells are activated, what does it become?.

A

Plasma cells that’s secrete antibodies

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31
Q

When different types of T cells are activated ___

A

Directly attack invading cells or help another T cell attack

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32
Q

T cells give what and B cells give us what

A

T cells give cell mediated immunity
B cells give antibody or humoral mediated immunity

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33
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

WBC can migrate out of blood vessels

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34
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Interested in a specific chemical or repels

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35
Q

What is the circulation of lymphocytes spend time in blood, tissue, and then lymph , and then go back to repeat?

A

Lymphocyte are in the blood and they exit blood and capillary. They hang in the tissue for a while and might go back into the blood capillary or lymphatic capillary. They go into lymphatic capillary and gets exposed to what’s in the lymph and returns to the blood through Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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36
Q

For the repeated circulation of the lymphocytes spending time in blood, tissue and lymph, it increases the likelihood that the lymphocytes run into things that’s supposed to what

A

Save us from

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37
Q

Places where we have accumulations of lymphocytes and why?

A

Urinary tract, digestive tract, and respiratory tract
- it’s where we introduce things into our body that need extra protections

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38
Q

The first lymphoid tissue?

A

Tonsils

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39
Q

What are the ring of tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (back of nasal cavity)
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Tubal tonsil (sit at Eustachian tube at either side)

40
Q

Those four tonsils forms what?

A

A ring that protects the entrance to the respiratory and digestive tract

41
Q

Even when tonsils are not infected or ugly, they are built to catch stuff using?

A

Cracks so things gets stuck
- Regions of lymphocytes that are waiting to get exposed to the thing that stimulates them so that it becomes activated and attacks this thing.

42
Q

What is an adenoid?

A

Only properly applied to infected pharyngeal tonsils
- If it’s healthy we don’t call it an adenoid

43
Q

Less organized lymphatic tissue

A

MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tisues)

44
Q

Why do we need MALT?

A

As a backup to protect epithelial barrier

45
Q

What is included as a MALT?

A

Pairs and patches in intestinal tract
Appendix
Tonsils but more organized than others

46
Q

First lymphoid organ is?

A

Lymph node

47
Q

Why do we use lymph node clinically

A

To check all sorts of things
- if swollen, they’re fighting something

48
Q

Most lymph nodes appear in?

A

Clusters

49
Q

A lymph node is a?

A

Filter

50
Q

The first group of nodes are called?

A

Preauricular nodes (in front of ears)

51
Q

What do Preauricular nodes do?

A

Filter lymph coming from superficial surfaces of lateral part of head

52
Q

What’s the second group of nodes?

A

Submental group & submandibular group (submaxillary)
- floor of mouth

53
Q

What does the Submental group & submandibular group (submaxillary) do?

A

Filters lymph coming from nose, lips, and teeth

54
Q

What are the third group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial cervical nodes
- sit in the neck right at the border of
- big enough to feel

55
Q

Why are the Superficial cervical nodes important?

A
  • if you have it swell, you have a serious infection because all lymph going through has already been filtered by other lymph nodes
56
Q

What are the fourth group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial cubital nodes (supratrochlear lymph nodes)
- just above anticubital area

57
Q

What does the Superficial cubital nodes (supratrochlear lymph nodes) do?

A

Filtering lymph coming from forearm

58
Q

What is the fifth group of nodes?

A

Axillary nodes
-large accumulation of nodes in axillary area
- 20-30 nodes on each side

59
Q

What do axillary nodes do?

A

Filter lymph coming from upper regions of body including breasts
- different about lymphatic drainage of breast is that there’s a lymphatic connection from one breast to another

60
Q

If a person gets breast cancer, it moves out to?

A

the axillary nodes very easily and to the other breast very easily

61
Q

What is the sixth group of node?

A

Iliac nodes and inguinal nodes
- groin

62
Q

Why are Iliac nodes and inguinal nodes important?

A

Has been filtered by other lymph nodes. If swollen or inflamed, you have a big infection

63
Q

What are the lymphoid organs surrounded by?

A

A fibrous capsule

64
Q

A lymph node has multiple ?

A

Afferent vessels
- they’re bringing lymph INTO lymph node

65
Q

What do the efferent vessels do?

A

Carry lymph away from lymph node

66
Q

Do lymph nodes vary in size? Yes or no

A

yes

67
Q

What is the cortical nodule made up of?

A

B lymphocytes that are tightly packed together
- and if lymph has something in it that activates this lymphocyte, it will get reactive and some cells it produces will wind up in lymph and travel with it to hunt it down.

68
Q

What is a germinal center?

A

where you make lymphocyte to contribute to the other part of cortical nodule.
- Less tightly packed area

69
Q

What is the central section of the lymph node called?

A

Medulla

70
Q

Area where we have nodules is called?

A

Cortex

71
Q

Medulla does not have?

A

Germinal centers

72
Q

What are Reticuloendothelial cells (aka dendritic cells)?

A

Final cleanup for the lymph
- Final thing that takes smtn out of lymph

73
Q

Two types of filtration?

A

Mechanical filtration and biological filtration

74
Q

What is mechanical filtration?

A

Things that are too big to pass through sinuses
- They get stuck and Reticuloendothelial cells (aka dendritic cells) eat them

75
Q

Why does it not matter if cells are yours or not?

A

It matters if clump of wave gets stuck in sinus
- If too big, will get eaten

76
Q

What is biological filtration?

A
  • Is it yours and normal (nothing happens)
  • Is it yours and abnormal (might run into natural killer cell or get labeled by a T cell and Reticuloendothelial cells will eat it
  • Is it not yours (Reticuloendothelial cells should eat it)
    (possibility that all three are small enough to fit through sinuses)
    (nothing to do with size)
77
Q

Other function beside filtration is?

A

Early warning
- if you have a small invasion of bacteria, lymph nodes can get antigens out of the and wake up B cells which will go out into the circulation and get put into blood to defend against bacteria before infection gets bigger

78
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Organ before thyroid, above heart

79
Q

By early adulthood, the thymus is starting to?

A

Decrease in size and active thymus tissue is being replaced by fat

80
Q

What is that process of active thymus tissue is being replaced by fat called?

A

Involution

81
Q

What is the job of a thymus?

A

Quality control
- all T cells have to go through thymus and get through obstacles. If they pass, they’re released into blood. If they don’t, they get killed off

82
Q

95% of T cells that go into thymus never come out again T/F

A

True

83
Q

The 5% of T cells that pass the immunological obstacle course

A

Where we get memory T cells, helper T cells, and
Are absolutely amazing

84
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Oval shaped under diaphragm on left

85
Q

Spleen changes size throughout life not just bc of involution T/F

A

True

86
Q

Why does the spleen change size?

A

It hypertrophies when you have an infection and shrinks in size when you don’t

87
Q

Spleen has a huge blood supply for an organ of its size T/F

A

True

88
Q

White pulp

A

Where the lymphocytes are

89
Q

What surrounds white pulp?

A

Red pulp

90
Q

What is red pulp?

A

Maddie up of sinusoids and there’s blood in there

91
Q

What do we have Inside sinusoids in spleen?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

92
Q

Functions of spleen

A
  1. Defense
    - Reticuloendothelial cells that eat things that are labeled by lymphocytes
  2. Hematopoiesis
    - monocytes and lymphocytes (except T cells) have last stage of maturation happen in spleen before going off to other tissues
    - spleen is first organ in body in utero that makes RBC
  3. Spleen is spongy organ
    - fibrous capsule around it (bc lymphatic organ),there’s smooth muscle in that fibrous capsule and after hemorrhage, while sympathetic nervous system does it’s thing, it cause smooth muscle to contract squishing blood out of spleen and it’s called auto transfusion (200 ml of blood getting stronger out
93
Q

Spleen along with liver help recycle RBC and platelets, they get stuck in sinusoids. In spleen, phagocytic cells that are doing recycling are Reticuloendothelial cells

A
94
Q

Spleen is useful and essential T/F

A

FALSE
- useful but NOT essential

95
Q

All lymphoid organs are going to?

A

Involute
- different time frames
- Last one to show major involution is the spleen

96
Q

Our allergies get worse as we grow older due to?

A

Our immune system react more strongly to what you’re allergic to

A&P II (17 decks)

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