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A&P II > Lecture 1 Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of blood include:

A
  • Maintain pH of body (things that are in the blood act as buffers)
  • transport O2 from lungs to tissues
  • transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
  • transport nutrients and ions and water from digestive tract to everywhere else in body
  • transport hormones
  • restricts fluid loss at site of injury (clots)
  • protects body against foreign organisms (WBC)
  • stabilize body temp
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2
Q

Definition of hormones

A

Involves something that’s transported in the blood after being released by endocrine gland

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3
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Something that will take up or release free hydrogen ions, to keep the pH from changing.

AKA a chemical that help to resist pH change.

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4
Q

What happens to the blood to retain heat?

A

Blood gets directed AWAY from the surface of the body and towards the core of our body.

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5
Q

What happens to the blood when we need to lose heat?

A

Blood goes to the surface

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6
Q

Does blood regulate anything such as body temp? YES/NO

A

No

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7
Q

What regulated body temp?

A

The hypothalamus

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8
Q

What is the normal blood and body temperature?

A

Blood temp: 38 degree C

Body temp: 37 degree C

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9
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Thickness of a fluid

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10
Q

Does blood have a higher viscosity than water? Y/N

A

Yes

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11
Q

Why does blood have a higher viscosity than water ?

A

Due to all the things in it, such as protein and different cells.

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12
Q

What is the normal pH of the blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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13
Q

What is the normal blood volume for the average adult male?

A

5-6 Liters of blood

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14
Q

What is the normal blood volume in an average adult female?

A

4-5 liters of blood

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15
Q

Why is the blood volume in males higher than females?

A

Due to the size of the person.

An average adult male is usually bigger than an average adult female. If the female is bigger, then she would have a higher blood volume.

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16
Q

What is a plasma?

A

The fluid part of blood and all the proteins it contains including the clotting proteins.

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17
Q

What do you call the fluid part of blood WITHOUT the clotting proteins?

A

Serum

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18
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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19
Q

What are formed elements?

A

The cells in the blood. (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

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20
Q

What is the formal name for Red Blood Cells?

A

Erythrocyte

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21
Q

What is the formal name for White Blood Cells?

A

Leukocyte

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22
Q

What is the formal name for Platelets?

A

Thrombocyte

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23
Q

How much blood volume does RBC make up?

A

45%

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24
Q

Due to the blood volume of RBC, does most of the functions of blood have more things to do with RBC? T/F

A

True

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25
Q

How much blood volume does WBC and Platelets together make up?

A

<1%

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26
Q

What is in the plasma?

A

90% water and 10% solute

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27
Q

Part of the solute in plasma is made up of what?

A
  • Particles from the food that we eat, digest, and absorb.
  • Waste products such as metabolic waste products (breakdown of protein)
  • Lactic acid
  • Respiratory gasses (O2 & CO2)
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28
Q

Are low levels of lactic acid normal In blood? Y/N

A

Yes

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29
Q

What is the MAJOR solute found in the blood?

A

Plasma proteins

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30
Q

What is the normal value of plasma volume made up of proteins?

A

6-8 g of protein / 100 mL of blood

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31
Q

What are the three main types of proteins?

A

Albumins (family of proteins)
Globulins (2 family of proteins)
Clotting proteins

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32
Q

What is the main job of the albumin?

A

To hold water in the blood vessels?

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33
Q

What are the 2 main job of the globulin?

A
  • To carry substances that are hydrophobic in the blood due to blood being mostly water
  • Antibodies
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34
Q

What are the instances where plasma proteins DONT stay in the blood?

A

When you injure a blood vessel or there is a serious illness.

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35
Q

What do particles attract?

A

Water

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36
Q

Are everything in the blood particles? T/F

A

True

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37
Q

Why is the semipermeable membrane important?

A

It tells us that the plasma proteins can’t leave, the water is what moves.

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38
Q

What does the plasma proteins do with water in the capillary?

A

It attracts water towards themselves or keeping it from leaving.

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39
Q

What happens when there is a higher concentration of particles inside the capillary than there is outside?

A

Water will move into the capillary and will NOT be able to leave the capillary.

40
Q

The plasma proteins guarantee that a certain amount of water is held in the blood vessel. True/ False

A

True

41
Q

What happens if the concentration of plasma particles drop?

A

Less water stays in the blood

42
Q

Why does the fluid leave the blood vessels?

A

There are not enough particles in the blood vessels to hold it there

43
Q

What happens when the blood vessel has twice as much water to hold in?

A

Blood volume rises

44
Q

What is the main clotting protein we see floating in blood?

A

Fibrinogen

45
Q

What is the suffix ogen tell us?

A

It is an inactive precursor

Something has to happen to it before it can do it’s job

46
Q

Why do we have fibrinogen in the blood when we don’t need it?

A

Once we do it need, it is ready fast.

47
Q

Are all hormones proteins? Y/N

A

No

48
Q

What is another protein we find in the blood?

A

Hormones

49
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A particle that when you put it in water, it separates into charged particles.

Charged particles is not the electrolyte, the thing it separates from is the electrolyte.

50
Q

Normal RBC count in adult male

A

4.5 mil to 6.3 mil cells / mm^3

51
Q

Normal RBC count in adult female

A

4.2 mil to 5.5 mil cells / mm3

52
Q

Why is the male RBC count higher than the female RBC count?

A

Testosterone
-it is a mild stimulus for RBC production

53
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

The volume percent of RBC in a sample of whole blood

  • if you have 100ml of blood, whatever percentage of that 100ml is RBC, That is the hematocrit.
    Example: 45% RBC and 55% plasma, the hematocrit is 45%
54
Q

Normal hematocrit in male

A

40% to 54%

55
Q

Normal hematocrit in female

A

38% to 46%

56
Q

Why is the male hematocrit higher than female and why?

A

The male is higher because the RBC count is higher due to testosterone.

57
Q

Do immature or mature RBC have the biconcave disc shape?

A

Mature RBC

58
Q

Why does the mature RBC have the biconcave disk shape?

A

Due to the mature RBC missing a lot of organelles including the nucleus

59
Q

What are the implication of having cells with no nucleus in your blood?

A

They can’t replicate and repair themselves

60
Q

How long do mature RBC last?

A

120 days or 4 months

61
Q

Why is the biconcave disc shape important?

A

It gives you more surface area on that RBC
- more membrane space for O2 and CO2 to diffuse through?

Flexibility

Due to shape of RBC is regular, they can line up single file and stack
- every RBC in a capillary is available to have O2 move into it

62
Q

What is the average diameter of a RBC

A

7 and a half micron

63
Q

What is the main molecule we find inside RBC?

A

Hemoglobin

64
Q

Why is hemoglobin outside your RBC bad?

A

It will damage your kidneys

65
Q

What carries majority of oxygen carried in blood?

A

Hemoglobin

66
Q

What are the 4 protein chains in hemoglobin?

A

4 Globin chains

67
Q

What is associated in each globin chain?

A

A heme group

68
Q

What is in the center of a heme group? What does it do?

A

An iron ion where oxygen binds to hemoglobin

69
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one molecule of hemoglobin carry?

A

4
- 4 chains, each chain has a heme group, each heme group has one iron

70
Q

What does hemoglobin transport? And what does it bind to?

A

CO2 binds to the globin chains, NOT the heme group resulting in O2 and CO2 not competing for a place to bind to the molecule.

71
Q

What does oxygen bind to?

A

The heme groups

72
Q

Normal value of hemoglobin concentration for female

A

12 to 16 g of hemoglobin / 100 ml of blood

73
Q

Normal value of hemoglobin concentration for male

A

14 to 18 g of hemoglobin / 100ml of blood

74
Q

What are the conditions for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen?

A

In a place where you have lots of O2, hemoglobin will have the tendency to bind to O2

75
Q

Where do you have lots of free O2 molecules?

A

Lungs

76
Q

How would you reverse Hb + o2 = HbO2, to take oxyhemoglobin and break it down to oxygen and hemoglobin?

A

Where you don’t have high concentration of free oxygen molecules (tissues, systemic capillaries)

77
Q

What is it called when hemoglobin doesn’t have oxygen bind to it?

A

Hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin

78
Q

What variant of hemoglobin is NORMAL?

A

Fetal hemoglobin

79
Q

Why is fetal hemoglobin important in utero?

A

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity (liking) for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

80
Q

Why is fetal hemoglobin more likely to bind oxygen that’s free floating in the blood?

A

The concentration gradient for oxygen is able to move across the placenta from moms blood into the fetal

81
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

A condition where in low oxygen conditions, the shape of the hemoglobin molecule changes causing a change in shape of RBC.

82
Q

What happens when the shape of RBC is changed due to sickle cell anemia?

A

The shape turns into a crescent moon where they have point which causes them to get stuck and damage and block blood vessels

83
Q

Why is sickle cell anemia still in the gene pool?

A

Due to malaria.

Lots of people can have one copy and not get malaria and it’s not as common to have both copies and actually get sickle cell anemia.

84
Q

What else does hemoglobin bind to reversible other than oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide

85
Q

Where do you bind carbon dioxide to hemoglobin?

A

Same areas where you drop off oxygen.

86
Q

What is our main metabolic waste product?

A

Carbon dioxide

87
Q

What does cells that are metabolically active make?

A

Carbon dioxide

CO2 has to get out so hemoglobin can bind

88
Q

Where are the levels of CO2 low?

A

In the lungs

89
Q

What happens when RBC gets old?

A

We recycle them.

When they lose flexibility, they get stuck in the spleen or liver. Macrophages come and eat them.

90
Q

What is biliverdin

A

When heme group gets snapped in half giving us two molecules called biliverdin

91
Q

What does biliverdin get converted into?

A

Bilirubin

92
Q

Where does bilirubin go into?

A

Bile

93
Q

Where is the first place iron goes?

A

Back to the bone marrow due to needing it for more RBC production

94
Q

What happens if red bone marrow has plenty of iron?

A

That iron will be transported to liver and gets stored in liver as ferritin

95
Q

What is ferritin

A

Is the storage form of iron

When we need iron, liver can break down ferritin and release iron into blood

A&P II (17 decks)

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