Lecture 1 Blood Flashcards
Importance of blood include:
- Maintain pH of body (things that are in the blood act as buffers)
- transport O2 from lungs to tissues
- transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
- transport nutrients and ions and water from digestive tract to everywhere else in body
- transport hormones
- restricts fluid loss at site of injury (clots)
- protects body against foreign organisms (WBC)
- stabilize body temp
Definition of hormones
Involves something that’s transported in the blood after being released by endocrine gland
What is a buffer?
Something that will take up or release free hydrogen ions, to keep the pH from changing.
AKA a chemical that help to resist pH change.
What happens to the blood to retain heat?
Blood gets directed AWAY from the surface of the body and towards the core of our body.
What happens to the blood when we need to lose heat?
Blood goes to the surface
Does blood regulate anything such as body temp? YES/NO
No
What regulated body temp?
The hypothalamus
What is the normal blood and body temperature?
Blood temp: 38 degree C
Body temp: 37 degree C
What is viscosity?
Thickness of a fluid
Does blood have a higher viscosity than water? Y/N
Yes
Why does blood have a higher viscosity than water ?
Due to all the things in it, such as protein and different cells.
What is the normal pH of the blood?
7.35 to 7.45
What is the normal blood volume for the average adult male?
5-6 Liters of blood
What is the normal blood volume in an average adult female?
4-5 liters of blood
Why is the blood volume in males higher than females?
Due to the size of the person.
An average adult male is usually bigger than an average adult female. If the female is bigger, then she would have a higher blood volume.
What is a plasma?
The fluid part of blood and all the proteins it contains including the clotting proteins.
What do you call the fluid part of blood WITHOUT the clotting proteins?
Serum
What is blood made up of?
Plasma and formed elements
What are formed elements?
The cells in the blood. (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
What is the formal name for Red Blood Cells?
Erythrocyte
What is the formal name for White Blood Cells?
Leukocyte
What is the formal name for Platelets?
Thrombocyte
How much blood volume does RBC make up?
45%
Due to the blood volume of RBC, does most of the functions of blood have more things to do with RBC? T/F
True
How much blood volume does WBC and Platelets together make up?
<1%
What is in the plasma?
90% water and 10% solute
Part of the solute in plasma is made up of what?
- Particles from the food that we eat, digest, and absorb.
- Waste products such as metabolic waste products (breakdown of protein)
- Lactic acid
- Respiratory gasses (O2 & CO2)
Are low levels of lactic acid normal In blood? Y/N
Yes
What is the MAJOR solute found in the blood?
Plasma proteins
What is the normal value of plasma volume made up of proteins?
6-8 g of protein / 100 mL of blood
What are the three main types of proteins?
Albumins (family of proteins)
Globulins (2 family of proteins)
Clotting proteins
What is the main job of the albumin?
To hold water in the blood vessels?
What are the 2 main job of the globulin?
- To carry substances that are hydrophobic in the blood due to blood being mostly water
- Antibodies
What are the instances where plasma proteins DONT stay in the blood?
When you injure a blood vessel or there is a serious illness.
What do particles attract?
Water
Are everything in the blood particles? T/F
True
Why is the semipermeable membrane important?
It tells us that the plasma proteins can’t leave, the water is what moves.
What does the plasma proteins do with water in the capillary?
It attracts water towards themselves or keeping it from leaving.
What happens when there is a higher concentration of particles inside the capillary than there is outside?
Water will move into the capillary and will NOT be able to leave the capillary.
The plasma proteins guarantee that a certain amount of water is held in the blood vessel. True/ False
True
What happens if the concentration of plasma particles drop?
Less water stays in the blood
Why does the fluid leave the blood vessels?
There are not enough particles in the blood vessels to hold it there
What happens when the blood vessel has twice as much water to hold in?
Blood volume rises
What is the main clotting protein we see floating in blood?
Fibrinogen
What is the suffix ogen tell us?
It is an inactive precursor
Something has to happen to it before it can do it’s job
Why do we have fibrinogen in the blood when we don’t need it?
Once we do it need, it is ready fast.
Are all hormones proteins? Y/N
No
What is another protein we find in the blood?
Hormones
What is an electrolyte?
A particle that when you put it in water, it separates into charged particles.
Charged particles is not the electrolyte, the thing it separates from is the electrolyte.
Normal RBC count in adult male
4.5 mil to 6.3 mil cells / mm^3
Normal RBC count in adult female
4.2 mil to 5.5 mil cells / mm3
Why is the male RBC count higher than the female RBC count?
Testosterone
-it is a mild stimulus for RBC production
What is a hematocrit?
The volume percent of RBC in a sample of whole blood
- if you have 100ml of blood, whatever percentage of that 100ml is RBC, That is the hematocrit.
Example: 45% RBC and 55% plasma, the hematocrit is 45%
Normal hematocrit in male
40% to 54%
Normal hematocrit in female
38% to 46%
Why is the male hematocrit higher than female and why?
The male is higher because the RBC count is higher due to testosterone.
Do immature or mature RBC have the biconcave disc shape?
Mature RBC
Why does the mature RBC have the biconcave disk shape?
Due to the mature RBC missing a lot of organelles including the nucleus
What are the implication of having cells with no nucleus in your blood?
They can’t replicate and repair themselves
How long do mature RBC last?
120 days or 4 months
Why is the biconcave disc shape important?
It gives you more surface area on that RBC
- more membrane space for O2 and CO2 to diffuse through?
Flexibility
Due to shape of RBC is regular, they can line up single file and stack
- every RBC in a capillary is available to have O2 move into it
What is the average diameter of a RBC
7 and a half micron
What is the main molecule we find inside RBC?
Hemoglobin
Why is hemoglobin outside your RBC bad?
It will damage your kidneys
What carries majority of oxygen carried in blood?
Hemoglobin
What are the 4 protein chains in hemoglobin?
4 Globin chains
What is associated in each globin chain?
A heme group
What is in the center of a heme group? What does it do?
An iron ion where oxygen binds to hemoglobin
How many oxygen molecules can one molecule of hemoglobin carry?
4
- 4 chains, each chain has a heme group, each heme group has one iron
What does hemoglobin transport? And what does it bind to?
CO2 binds to the globin chains, NOT the heme group resulting in O2 and CO2 not competing for a place to bind to the molecule.
What does oxygen bind to?
The heme groups
Normal value of hemoglobin concentration for female
12 to 16 g of hemoglobin / 100 ml of blood
Normal value of hemoglobin concentration for male
14 to 18 g of hemoglobin / 100ml of blood
What are the conditions for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen?
In a place where you have lots of O2, hemoglobin will have the tendency to bind to O2
Where do you have lots of free O2 molecules?
Lungs
How would you reverse Hb + o2 = HbO2, to take oxyhemoglobin and break it down to oxygen and hemoglobin?
Where you don’t have high concentration of free oxygen molecules (tissues, systemic capillaries)
What is it called when hemoglobin doesn’t have oxygen bind to it?
Hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin
What variant of hemoglobin is NORMAL?
Fetal hemoglobin
Why is fetal hemoglobin important in utero?
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity (liking) for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
Why is fetal hemoglobin more likely to bind oxygen that’s free floating in the blood?
The concentration gradient for oxygen is able to move across the placenta from moms blood into the fetal
What is sickle cell anemia?
A condition where in low oxygen conditions, the shape of the hemoglobin molecule changes causing a change in shape of RBC.
What happens when the shape of RBC is changed due to sickle cell anemia?
The shape turns into a crescent moon where they have point which causes them to get stuck and damage and block blood vessels
Why is sickle cell anemia still in the gene pool?
Due to malaria.
Lots of people can have one copy and not get malaria and it’s not as common to have both copies and actually get sickle cell anemia.
What else does hemoglobin bind to reversible other than oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
Where do you bind carbon dioxide to hemoglobin?
Same areas where you drop off oxygen.
What is our main metabolic waste product?
Carbon dioxide
What does cells that are metabolically active make?
Carbon dioxide
CO2 has to get out so hemoglobin can bind
Where are the levels of CO2 low?
In the lungs
What happens when RBC gets old?
We recycle them.
When they lose flexibility, they get stuck in the spleen or liver. Macrophages come and eat them.
What is biliverdin
When heme group gets snapped in half giving us two molecules called biliverdin
What does biliverdin get converted into?
Bilirubin
Where does bilirubin go into?
Bile
Where is the first place iron goes?
Back to the bone marrow due to needing it for more RBC production
What happens if red bone marrow has plenty of iron?
That iron will be transported to liver and gets stored in liver as ferritin
What is ferritin
Is the storage form of iron
When we need iron, liver can break down ferritin and release iron into blood
