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A&P II > Week 14 Development & Inheritance > Flashcards

Week 14 Development & Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

how long is embryological development?

A

goes from conception to end of second month of gestation

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2
Q

how long is fetal development?

A

beginning of third months of gestation to delivering
- even if you are talking about a premature infant, once they become air breathing, fetal development has stopped and now post neonatal development

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3
Q

embryological development + fetal development together cover?

A

all of gestation
- make up prenatal development, all of the development that happens BEFORE birth

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4
Q

how long is postnatal development?

A

everything from birth to maturity (anatomical and physiological maturity, not emotional maturity)

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5
Q

you are looking at a secondary oocyte, gone through one of the two meiotic divisions. fertilization triggers the second one.
the size of sperm and egg is a big difference because?

A

sperm is built to JUST deliver DNA and swim to do that but all the resources we need to start this embryo growing are in the egg
- review: uneven division in meiosis so we got most of cytoplasm and organelles in the oocyte and the polar bodies were a way to get rid of one copy of the DNA

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6
Q

in oocyte in ovulation, we have corona radiata which are?

A

are granulosa cells that surround the egg and leave with it

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7
Q

the zona pellucida does what?

A

a barrier that helps keep the oocyte from dehydrating and it also helps block fertilization

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8
Q

as sperm tries to fertilize the egg, we have corona radiata cells coming off.

A

remember, the sperm has digestive enzymes in their acrosome to help break through the corona radiata and also to break through the zona pellucida.

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9
Q

the penetration of this one sperm triggered the second meiotic division and now we got?

A

two polar bodies
- we have a haploid sperm and haploid egg

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10
Q

what is oocyte acitivation? (AKA cortical reaction)

A

once the sperm penetrates, the egg is going to dump vesicles of chemical onto the zona pellucida and chemically change the zona pellucida so no more sperm can get through.

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11
Q

why are there a million to 200 million sperm contained in the average ejaculate when only one is supposed to fertilize its egg?

A

by the time those sperm that started out in the vagina, the 200 million sperm, by the time there are sperm in the fallopian tube, there are only 10,000 left.
- half of them have a good and bad sense of direction
- now we only have 5,000 going into the correct fallopian tube thats close to the ovary that ovulate
- less than 100 of those 5,000 are going to make it to the isthmus of the fallopian tube on the correct side and we need all of those bc fertilization is a team sport.
- all of these sperm releasing their enzymes and breaking down a region of the zona pellucida is what makes is possible for one sperm to enter.

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12
Q

if only one sperm gets to this egg, there is very little likelihood of ?

A

fertilization

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13
Q

on the surface of the zona pellucida, there are?

A

sperm receptors that also help explain why we need all these other sperm to help break free the cells of the corona radiata bc it lets the sperm receptors be exposed

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14
Q

once we have fertilization, we will see two things happen:

A
  1. theres a lot of messenger RNA in the cytoplasm of this egg before its fertilize and now we’re gonna start using it
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15
Q

this egg being activated is going to become more metabolically active and one other thing is gonna happen:

A

aphimixis

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16
Q

we have two haploid nuclei and we need to get them together to make one diploid nucleus and so the DNA in the female pronucleus and male pronucleus are going to sort themselves out into the various chromosomes and will both pair up.

A
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17
Q

as the process of getting these two pronuclei together continues, amphimixis hasn’t happened here yet, centrioles are starting to make spindle fibers bc we’re gonna start dividing as soon as we get the two pronuclei together and make diploid nucleus

A
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18
Q

now that we have amphimixis and have everything ready to go, we go right into?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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19
Q

what are blastomeres?

A

the cells that results from the fertilized egg starting to divide

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20
Q

start on day 0, fertilization occurs in fallopian tube and watching the division gradually, its gonna take us till day 5 or 6 to?

A

actually get our embryo into the uterine cavity

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21
Q

there is still zona pellucida at the 2,4,6, even 16 or 32 cell stage around the embryo. and with the zona pellucida around the embryo, it can’t implant in the endometrium and so what do we have to do?

A

break open zona pellucida and get it off the embryo. that process is called? hatching
- once hatching happens, now we can start the implant

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22
Q

after hatching and just as we’re getting ready to implant, we will have?

A

two separate cell 34:51 pocket divisions?

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23
Q

we have an area called inner cell mass thats gonna become?

A

the fetus

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24
Q

a layer of cells on the outside, trophoblast, thats gonna be the beginning of ?

A

developing a placenta
- wont ask us what days will have how many cells

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25
Q

endometrium, 6 mm thick, under the control of progesterone primarily and you can see spiral artery sections.
This embryo is gonna start to digest its way into the?

A

endometrium

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26
Q

the trophoblast cells are going to grow into the endometrium. what is trophoblast?

A

embryotic tissue
- start to grow in here and start surrounding some of the blood vessels and its gonna keep digesting its way in until the embryo is actually completely covered by endometrium
- its gonna stay covered by endometrium until its delivered

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27
Q

the first trimester is the first three months of gestation. so what do we have in this stage?

A

all the embryological development and first month of fetal development here.
- by the time we get to the end of the third month of gestation, we have rudiments, basic functioning parts for all the organs in the systems you would see in an adult human

28
Q

second trimester is gonna go from? and what is it about?

A

the beginning of fourth month of gestation to the end of the sixth month of gestation.
- it is about developing those organ systems (having organs grow, having connections become stronger)
- lots of changes in shape and proportion during this phase of fetal development and usually some time in the second trimester, the fetus starts to look human

29
Q

what is third trimester all about?

A
  • growing and growing rapidly
  • most of the major organ systems are going to be fully functional at some point in the third trimester except the lungs bc we wont present an opportunity for them to encounter air
  • if mom can keep up w calorie requirements, this is also when the fetus will start acquiring some adipose tissue
30
Q

most of our adipose tissue that we have is considered white fat bc very few mitochondrial. brown fat is smtn we dont see for a very long period in a human but there are lots of mitochondria. and with lots of mitochondria, you can generate and use ATP. Brown fat is used to?

A

produce heat

31
Q

very early on after birth, a newborn cant thermal regulate and so adding fat whether white or brown during that last trimester, how does it help?

A

it helps insulate the infant. helps keep them from losing body heat as quickly but brown fat will also give them some ability to generate heat if they need it. (we dont hold onto that brown fat very long)

32
Q

as this embryo keeps adjusting its way in, we wind up w areas called lacunae which are?

A

regions of the spiral arteries and the spaces around them that start growing out and looking kind of fingerlike are called?
- villi

33
Q

the villi are going to keep growing and surrounding more and more blood vessels and this is the beginning of?

A

developing a placenta
- very early stage

34
Q

the yolk sac is going to be?

A
  • an early source of nutrients
  • first thing associated with this embryo that makes RBC
35
Q

what happens around day 12?

A

some of the cells from this layer are going to start to move and some of them are going to move a little deeper we wind up with three layers of tissue:
- germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

36
Q

things related to things outside your body or things that help interpret the world around you are generally made of?

A

ectoderm
- skin, nervous system, eyes derived from ectoderm

37
Q

most common site of implantation is?

A

uterus

38
Q

where is the most common site of fertilization?

A

fallopian tube

39
Q

if embryo implants inside the fallopian tube, what is it called?

A

ectopic pregnancy
- if it implants in the myometrium, it is a really big problem because there isnt a way to get implanted there.

40
Q

what is ammnion?

A

protective membrane closest to fetus

41
Q

what is chorion ?

A

the outermost layer
- make sure you can see where the fetal tissue ends and the maternal tissue begins

42
Q

outermost layer thats still helping surround embryo is part of?

A

endometrium and is also maternal tissue

43
Q

what are the fetal tissue?

A

the placenta, amnion, and chorion
- don’t need to label figure 29-5

44
Q

in a more mature placenta, we will have?

A

villi, branches of umbilical arteries and umbilical vein
- all the open space around the villi, there is maternal blood from where all those spiral arteries have been broken open

45
Q

the layer decidua basalis is?

A

still fetal tissue, part of the placenta

46
Q

even though maternal blood comes into the space around the villi, theres no mixing of?

A

maternal blood and fetal blood

47
Q

the chorionic villi actually have blood vessels in them that are going to branch into?

A

capillaries
- we have a thing layer of tissue around the capillary and when you look closer to maternal tissue, you can see the blood moving out into the area around those villi

48
Q

what do we wind up with there?

A

equivalent to a respiratory membrane except we will have all of our exchange taking place through the fetal capillaries in chorionic villi and that layer of tissue over it coming from maternal blood and everything is going to move through simple diffusion

49
Q

we have blood broken in spiral arteries, moving into the space around the chorionic vili. how do we get it go back in mom?

A

the blood coming in is arteriolar blood, the blood pressure in venules is lower and so blood will come in and kick up the pressure in this space filled with blood and that will drive some of the blood back into the venules and back into mom circulation and get i t back to the lungs

50
Q

maternal blood is delivered to the placental area by?

A

the cells of the placenta breaking open, spiral arteries in the endometrium

51
Q

how does fetal blood get to the placenta?

A

the umbilical arteries are gonna carry blood to fetal side of placenta and the umbilical vein is gonna carry it back from placenta and back into fetal body

52
Q

function of placenta?

A
  1. gas exchange
    - maternal blood flow to maternal side of placenta is huge. fetal blood flow to fetal side of placenta is huge. damage to the placenta is life threatening for both mother and fetus
  2. nutrient delivery
    - glucose from maternal blood crosses into fetal bloodstream by simple diffusion. we have O2 moving that way as well
  3. waste pickup
    - mom is acting as the kidneys for fetus. mom is performing some liver functions for fetus through course of most prenatal development. even CO2. all those things will cross
  4. all passive?
53
Q

the placenta is?

A

a temporary endocrine organ like corpus luteum except it is a much bigger and uglier temporary endocrine organ

54
Q

what are some of the hormones made by placenta?

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin
- how do we know those? bc corpus luteum makes them

55
Q

all the hormones made by the corpus luteum are also made by the placenta. they are made by the placenta in larger amounts because?

A

placenta is so much larger

56
Q

we have a hormone made by placenta that is called?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- hormone that we look for in maternal blood to decide if woman is pregnant
- also the hormone that OTC pregnancy test look for in urine

57
Q

hCG acts like?

A

LH

58
Q

its the hCG thats gonna maintain ?

A

the corpus luteum throughout the pregnancy

59
Q

by maintaining the corpus luteum, the hCG is gonna?

A

block menstruation
- also promote the productions and secretion of progesterone

60
Q

another hormone called human placental lactogen (hPL) which does what?

A
  • help get mammary glands prepared for milk production shortly after delivery
  • kind of acts like growth hormone so get fetus glucose and protein
    (we’re building a fetus and so we will need a lot of resources and so hPL make it so the fetus is getting enough glucose and amino acids to grow and build and make the energy to grow and build)
61
Q

review of GH

A

if hormones are hydrophobic/smart enough, they can go into blood and into maternal side of circulation. GH breaks things down so you have building blocks of stuff you need to build and it also makes more glucose available so you have a way to make the energy to let you build the things you wanna build

62
Q

prolactin comes from the anterior pituitary but the placenta also makes prolactin called?

A

placental prolactin
- will also contribute to preparing the mammary glands to produce milk in the quantities that are gonna be needed shortly after birth

63
Q

the relaxin we get from placenta is very important for several reasons:

A
  1. increases the flexibility of pubic symphysis
    makes it easier to put head and shoulders through pelvis
  2. triggers dilation of cervix
    - has to happen to be able to move the fetus from the uterine cavity and into the cervix and then delivery
  3. decreases oxytocin release
    - how you get the myometrium quiet and directly quiets it
  4. quiets contractions of uterine smooth muscle
  • ## once we get to the point we develop a placenta, now we have to manage the situation to make sure we are not having too much myometrial activity and that we can start preparing the body for labor and delivery
64
Q

the first two things are about?

A

preparing the body for labor and delivery

65
Q

what are the other two about?

A

preventing it

66
Q

its the mix of all the other hormones present at different times in the pregnancy that will determine?

A

what we see from the relaxin is more directed towards moving delivery forward or more directed towards keeping things quiet and continuing gestation

A&P II (17 decks)

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