Week 3 Dry room - the eyes

Question 1

how many foramina are there in the skull and what are they?

Answer 1

12
foramen of the cribriform plate 
optic foramen 
superior orbital fissure 
foramen rotundum 
foramen ovale 
foramen spinous 
carotid canal 
foramen lacerum 
jugular foramen 
internal auditory foramen 
hypoglossal foramen 
foramen magnum

Question 2

what passes through the foramen spinosum?

Answer 2

middle meningeal artery and vein

Question 3

what passes through the foramen lacerum?

Answer 3

no structures pass through
mainly filled with cartilage
the ICA lies onto but doesn’t go through it

Question 4

what passes through the jugular foramen?

Answer 4

IJV, CN IX, X, XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory)

Question 5

what foramina do the branches of the trigeminal nerves go through?

Answer 5

superior orbital fissure - ophthalmic V1 division
foramen rotundum - maxillary V2 division
foramen ovale - mandibular V3 division

Question 6

what passes through the internal acoustic foramen?

Answer 6

CN VII & VIII

facial and vestibulococclear

Question 7

what passes through small foramina in the skull?

Answer 7

emissary veins

Question 8

the grove found lateral to foramen spinous is due to what?

Answer 8

when the skull developed, this part formed around the middle meningeal artery creating the groove

Question 9

what are the groves lateral to the occipital protuberance for?

Answer 9

the intracranial venous sinus called the transverse sinus

Question 10

the S shaped grove, lateral to where the transverse sinus would be found, is for what?

Answer 10

sigmoid sinus

Question 11

into which foramen does the grove for the sigmoid sinus lead?

Answer 11

jugular foramen

Question 12

what is the name of the depression which houses the pituitary gland?

Answer 12

sella turcica

Question 13

what is the name of the processes on either side of the sella turcica?

Answer 13

anterior and posterior clinoid processes

Question 14

what is the purpose of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?

Answer 14

they give attachment to a fold of the dura matter called the tentorium cerebelli

Question 15

on either side of the sella turcica there is a groove. what is this for?

Answer 15

the cavernous venous sinus

Question 16

what is responsible for the groove on the skull cap and where is it found?

Answer 16

the groove is found in the midline

it is made by the superior sagittal sinus

Question 17

what are the different venous sinuses which are responsible for the grooves found on the skull?

Answer 17

transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
cavernous sinus
superior sagittal sinus

Question 18

what muscles attach to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates?

Answer 18

medial = middle pharyngeal constrictor 
lateral = medial and lateral pterygoid

Question 19

what are the benefits of a neonatal skull not being completely ossified?

Answer 19

the skull is less rigid and more flexible
allows easy passage through birth canal
protects the skull from fractures as it has more elasticity
allows growth of the brain

Question 20

what type of ossification occurs in flat bones of the skull?

Answer 20

intramembranous ossification

Question 21

what type of ossification occurs in irregular bones of the face?

Answer 21

endochondral ossification

Question 22

at what age do the fontanelles fuse?

Answer 22

anterior - 9-18 months

posterior - 2-3 months

Question 23

what type of fibres underlies the epithelium of the tongue?

Answer 23

skeletal muscle fibres

Question 24

what type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

Answer 24

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

Question 25

what type of epithelium is fungiform papillae?

Answer 25

stratified squamous non-keratinised

Question 26

what are the 3 main salivary gland and what type of saliva do they secrete?

Answer 26

parotid - serous
sublingual - mucous
submandibular - mixed

Question 27

how can you identify in histology which salivary gland is which?

Answer 27

the glands which secrete mucous i.e. sublingual will show acini cells which stain pale
the gland which secrete serous i.e. parotid, will be darker purple stained

Question 28

what causes an extradural haemorrhage and why does it result in a biconvex/lens shape?

Answer 28

trauma of the middle meningeal artery

the spread of the haemorrhage is stopped by the attachment of the dura matter to the cranial sutures of the skull

Question 29

where do you find the middle meningeal artery and what foramen does it pass through?

Answer 29

within the groove of the pteriorn

eases through the foramen spinosum

Question 30

what is the middle meningeal artery a branch of and what does it supply?

Answer 30

branch of ICA

supplies the dura matter