Week 3 Dry room - the eyes Flashcards
how many foramina are there in the skull and what are they?
12 foramen of the cribriform plate optic foramen superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinous carotid canal foramen lacerum jugular foramen internal auditory foramen hypoglossal foramen foramen magnum
what passes through the foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery and vein
what passes through the foramen lacerum?
no structures pass through
mainly filled with cartilage
the ICA lies onto but doesn’t go through it
what passes through the jugular foramen?
IJV, CN IX, X, XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory)
what foramina do the branches of the trigeminal nerves go through?
superior orbital fissure - ophthalmic V1 division
foramen rotundum - maxillary V2 division
foramen ovale - mandibular V3 division
what passes through the internal acoustic foramen?
CN VII & VIII
facial and vestibulococclear
what passes through small foramina in the skull?
emissary veins
the grove found lateral to foramen spinous is due to what?
when the skull developed, this part formed around the middle meningeal artery creating the groove
what are the groves lateral to the occipital protuberance for?
the intracranial venous sinus called the transverse sinus
the S shaped grove, lateral to where the transverse sinus would be found, is for what?
sigmoid sinus
into which foramen does the grove for the sigmoid sinus lead?
jugular foramen
what is the name of the depression which houses the pituitary gland?
sella turcica
what is the name of the processes on either side of the sella turcica?
anterior and posterior clinoid processes
what is the purpose of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?
they give attachment to a fold of the dura matter called the tentorium cerebelli
on either side of the sella turcica there is a groove. what is this for?
the cavernous venous sinus
what is responsible for the groove on the skull cap and where is it found?
the groove is found in the midline
it is made by the superior sagittal sinus
what are the different venous sinuses which are responsible for the grooves found on the skull?
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
cavernous sinus
superior sagittal sinus
what muscles attach to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates?
medial = middle pharyngeal constrictor lateral = medial and lateral pterygoid
what are the benefits of a neonatal skull not being completely ossified?
the skull is less rigid and more flexible
allows easy passage through birth canal
protects the skull from fractures as it has more elasticity
allows growth of the brain
what type of ossification occurs in flat bones of the skull?
intramembranous ossification
what type of ossification occurs in irregular bones of the face?
endochondral ossification
at what age do the fontanelles fuse?
anterior - 9-18 months
posterior - 2-3 months
what type of fibres underlies the epithelium of the tongue?
skeletal muscle fibres
what type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
what type of epithelium is fungiform papillae?
stratified squamous non-keratinised
what are the 3 main salivary gland and what type of saliva do they secrete?
parotid - serous
sublingual - mucous
submandibular - mixed
how can you identify in histology which salivary gland is which?
the glands which secrete mucous i.e. sublingual will show acini cells which stain pale
the gland which secrete serous i.e. parotid, will be darker purple stained
what causes an extradural haemorrhage and why does it result in a biconvex/lens shape?
trauma of the middle meningeal artery
the spread of the haemorrhage is stopped by the attachment of the dura matter to the cranial sutures of the skull
where do you find the middle meningeal artery and what foramen does it pass through?
within the groove of the pteriorn
eases through the foramen spinosum
what is the middle meningeal artery a branch of and what does it supply?
branch of ICA
supplies the dura matter
