Week 3, Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards
During what period of time is growth very rapid?
First year until preschool, then again in adolescence
What does cephalocaudal and proximodistal mean?
From head to foot (meaning head and trunk grows faster than legs); from close in to farther out (meaning grows motor control develops before fine motor skills)
What does this refer to: generational changes in physical development
Secular growth trends
Why is sleep important for growth?
80% of growth hormone is secreted during sleep
Where is the growth hormone secreted from?
Pituitary gland
Why are kids often picky eaters?
Super taster (extra taste buds makes them sensitive to tastes)
How do you “treat” to picky eaters (4)?
Allow them to eat food in any order, don’t force new foods, don’t enforce a clean plate, don’t use food as reward or punishment
When do girls vs. boys start to experience puberty related changes?
10; 11.5-12
What is the term called for a girls first period?
Menarche
What eating disorder is this: refusal to eat and irrational fear of being overweight
Anorexia
What eating disorder is this: uncontrolled eating and purging by self induced vomiting or laxatives
Bulimia
What are the mortality rates for anorexia and bulimia?
5% within 4 years; 4% with increased risk of suicide
What disorder is this: persistent dissatisfaction with perceived body shape? What is it classified as?
Body dysmorphic; OCD and related disorders
What are contributing factors to obesity?
Heredity, parental influence, sedentary lifestyle, too little sleep, social determinants of health
What are the top 5 killers of children worldwide?
Pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, malnutrition
What is the cerebral cortex?
Wrinkled surface of the brain, consists of right and left hemispheres
What connects the 2 hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What controls personality and ability to carry out plans?
Frontal cortex
How does the neural tube develop and when?
Neural plate is folded to become the tube; 3 weeks after conception
What is neurogenesis?
Proliferation of neurons through cell division
What is synaptogenesis and when does it occur?
Formation of synapses/connections between neurons; 23rd week and rapidly after birth
What does each hemisphere specialize in?
Verbal functioning; motion and face recognition
What is brain plasticity?
Extent to which brain organization is flexible
What is experience-expectant growth and is it continuous or discontinuous?
Developing in response to universal experiences (critical developmental periods); discontinuous
What is experience-dependent growth and is it continuous or discontinuous?
Developing in response to unique, individual experiences (creating new synaptic connections); continuous
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Raw input; making sense of input
For babies, when does manual exploration take over oral?
4 months
What is visual acuity?
The smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependently
When does color vision develop?
3-4 months
What is this called: the quietest sound a person can hear
Auditory threshold
What is the phenomenon called when newborns turn toward sounds?
Auditory localization
What is the phenomenon called when information is perceived by multiple senses?
Amodal
T or F: babies cannot detect emotional expression
F; they can
T or F: babies will stare longer at something if there is sound coming from it too
T
T or F: by 4 months, infants have size, shape, brightness, and color constancy
T
In the visual cliff paradigm, what was the difference between 1.5 months and 7 months?
Heart rate slows indicating interest; heart rate increases indicating fear
What are kinetic cues?
Using motion to estimate depth
What is the motion parallax?
Objects at different distances move at different speeds, and closer objects move faster than distant ones
What is visual expansion?
Occurs when you approach an object; closer you are, the more retina the object occupies
What is retinal disparity?
Requires both eyes and occurs because each eye sees a slightly different image
What are 4 pictorial cues?
Linear perspective (parallel lines converge with distance), relative size (smaller objects appear farther), texture gradient (details increase with distance), interposition (overlapping objects suggest depth)
T or F: kinetic cues are present from birth
T
When do retinal disparity and pictorial cues develop?
3-5 months, 5-7 months
What some preferences infants have for faces (4)?
Unscrambled features, upright, attractive, own race
At what age do babies start recognizing individual faces?
3-4 months
What age can a baby sit alone?
6-7 months
What age can a baby crawl?
7-8 months
What age can a baby stand alone?
11 months
What age can a baby walk?
12 months
What are the 4 components of Esther Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory?
- Complexivity (development as an integrated system) 2. multicausality (no single element has causality) 3. continuity in time and system self organization (changes occur via developmental transitions 4. the system is dynamic. (one change can reorganize the whole system)
When does the stepping reflex disappear?
2 months
What theory is this: motor development involves many distinct skills that constantly (re)organized to meet changing demands
Dynamic systems theory
What 2 component skills are necessary for coordination?
Differentiation and integration
When does handedness first emerge?
13 months
What are the ends of cartilage structures called?
Epiphyses
What are the differences between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
Organs involved with reproduction; physical signs of maturity not directly linked to sex organs
What is the first spontaneous ejaculation called?
Spermarche
What happens in osteoporosis?
Bones become thin and brittle
What is a neuron made of?
Cell body, dendrite (tree), axon (tube that sends info), myelin (wraps axon), terminal buttons (knobs at the end of the axon), neurotransmitters, synapse
What is the intersensory redundancy theory?
Infant’s perceptual system is particularly attuned to amodal information that is presented to multiple sensory modes
