Week 1, Chapter 1 Flashcards
What theory is this: development reflects the natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan
Maturational theory
What theory is this: many behaviours are viewed as adaptive because they have survival value
Ethological theory
What is the critical period?
Critical window of development; time in which child is ready and able to learn something
What is imprinting, ad who discovered it?
Forming emotional bond between child and first moving object; konrad lorenz with geese
What perspective of child development is this: development is determined by how a child resolves (psychological) conflicts at different ages
Psychodynamic
What are 2 types of psychodynamic theories?
Freud’s psychosexual, Erikson’s psychosocial theory
What are the 3 components of Freud’s psychosexual theory?
Id (devil), ego (scales), superego (angel)
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development and what are the ages?
Oral (0-2), anal (2-3), phallic (3-7), latency (7-11), genital (11+)
What are the 6 stages and their ages of the psychodynamic perspective?
Trust vs. mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs. guilt (3-6), industry vs. inferiority (6-12), identity vs. role confusion (12-18), intimacy vs. isolation (18-40)
According to the psychodynamic perspective, what is the conflict of stage 1 and 2, trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. shame?
Can I trust the world; can I do things myself?
According to the psychodynamic perspective, what is the conflict of stage 3 and 4, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority?
Is it okay to do, move, and act; can I make it in the world of people and things?
According to the psychodynamic perspective, what is the conflict of stage 5 and 6, identity vs. role confusion and intimacy vs. isolation?
Who am I and what can I be; can I love and be loved?
What perspective of child development is this: emphasis of experience in development; children are a blank slate (tabula rasa)
Learning perspective
What are 3 learning perspective theories?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
T or F: positive reinforcement adds positive stimuli to increase behavior
T
T or F: negative reinforcement takes away something negative to increase behavior
T
T or F: positive punishment adds something negative to decrease behavior
T
T or F: negative punishment takes away something positive to decrease behavior
T
What is a theory of observational learning, and a founding experiment?
Social cognitive theory, Albert Bandura’s bobo dolls
What child development perspective is this: Development reflects children’s efforts to understand the world
Cognitive-developmental perspective
What are Jean Piagets 4 stages and ages that sequence children’s changing understanding of the world?
Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (12+)
What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor and preoperational stages?
Learning through sensory experience (object permanence), symbolic thinking (egocentrism, animism)
What are the characteristics of the concrete operational and formal operational stages?
Logical thinking (conservation and reversibility), abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking (multiple perspectives, complex problem solving)
What perspective of child development is this: development determined by immediate and more distant environments
Contextual perspective
What perspective is this from; “children are little scientists who develop and revise theories with experience”
Cognitive-developmental perspective
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
Development within a set of nested and interacting systems
What are the 5 systems of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
What is the continuous vs. discontinuous view of child development?
Children stay on the same path throughout development; children change paths at any point in development
What is one aspect of development that is supported by the continuity theory of development?
Language (crying to cooing to babbling to first words to tow word utterance to telegraphic speech)
What is an active child?
Children shape own development through choices, actions, and interpretations of the world
What is a passive child?
Children shaped by external forces, such as parenting, environment, biology
What are the 5 developmental domains?
Physical growth, cognition, language, personality, social relationships
What is systematic observation?
System of clearly defined rules of recording a specific behavior
What is naturalistic observation?
Spontaneous behavior in real life
What is structured observation?
Setting that is likely to elicit behavior
What is observer influence?
Participant bias that happens when a participant changes their behavior as a function of being observed
What is reliability vs. validity?
How accurately are we measuring a behavior; are we measuring what we are aiming to measure
What are cross sectional designs vs. longitudinal designs?
Testing children of different ages at the same time point; testing same children at different points in their lives
What are microgenetic studies?
Repeated intense testing over time to see and how a change occurs
What are longitudinal-sequential designs?
Sequence of samples that are studied longitudinally
What are the microsystem and mesosystem made of?
Immediate environment; connected microsystems (stress at work affect mood at home)
What are the exosystem and macrosystem made of?
Social settings that a person may not experience fist hand, but still influence development; subcultures and cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem and exosytem are imbedded (mother and child part of chinese canadians in BC)
What is the chronosystem made of?
Systems change over time
What is construct and concurrent validity?
If test measures theoretical construct its supposed to, when 2 forms of measurement corresponds or concurs
