Week 11, Chapter 12 Flashcards
What were the main implications of the marshmallow test (5)?
Longer they waited, higher SAT scores, better social and cognitive functioning, lower BMI when 27-32, better sense of self worth, more effectively pursued goals and coped with frustration and stress
What are 5 influences on self control?
Parenting discipline style, inductive reasoning, strict parents (less self control), temperament, cultural
What are Piaget’s 3 stages and their ages of moral reasoning?
Premoral (0-4), moral realism (5-7), moral relativism (8+)
Define the premoral stage
No consistent understanding of morality
Define the moral realism stage
Heteronomous morality = absolute rules handed down by other. Immanent justice = breaking a rule always leads to punishment
Define the moral relativism stage
Autonomous morality = morality based on free will and rules created collaboratively
What are Kohleberg’s 3 levels of moral development and their ages?
Preconventional morality (4-10), conventional morality (10-16+), postconventional morality (16+ and rare)
What are the 2 sub stages of preconventional morality?
- Obedience orientation (be obedient to authority), 2. instrumental orientation (behave nicely to get favours)
What are the 2 substages of conventional morality?
- Interpersonal norms (live up to others expectations), 4. social system morality (follow rules to maintain social order
What are the 2 substages of postconventional morality?
- Social contract orientation (adhere to a social contract when it is valid), 6. universal ethical principles (base personal morality on abstract principles) - stage not necessarily reachable
What are 3 main issues surrounding Kohlberg’s theory?
Cultural bias, moral reasoning doesn’t equal moral behavior, cognitive/logical reasoning > emotions (not considered)
What were Gilligan’s issues with Kohlberg’s theory? What did she propose instead?
Doesn’t consider women’s morals; ethic of care where morality centers on interpersonal relationships an care as a virtue
What kind of lies are common in Western vs. China, and what are their purposes?
White lies to protect individual; blue lies to protect group
What do polite lies emerge?
5
Define prosocial behavior and altruism
Actions that benefit others’ prosocial behavior that helps others with no direct benefit to the individual
What are 3 skills involved with prosocial behavior?
Perspective taking, empathy (cognitive and affective), moral reasoning
What is the difference between cognitive and affective empathy?
Understanding person’s emotions (prefrontal cortex + theory of mind networks), experiencing an emotion mirrored from other (mirror neurons)
What are 4 factors that influence prosocial behavior?
Skills (POV taking, empathy, moral reasoning), situational influence (feeling responsible or competent, mood, cost of help), heredity (genes, temperament), parental socialization (modelling, discipline style, opportunities)
What is instrumental vs hostile vs. relational aggression?
Used to achieve goal; unprovoked with goal of intimidation, harassment, or humiliation; trying to hurt others by undermining social relationships
What is the developmental process of physical aggression?
Emerged at 18 months, increases until 24, then drops
What are the cascading risks of aggression?
Parent aggression, parent depression, environment risk = parent harsh discipline, sibling aggression = reactive and relational aggression = instrumental/hostile aggression
