Week 11, Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is this: Beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits, interests, and behaviors
Gender stereotypes
What was found in a study regarding boy vs. girl crying in babies?
Adult men rated low pitched cries boys, girls, as expressing more discomfort
At what age do children start learning gender stereotypes activities and when is is concrete knowledge, and what is an example of one?
24 months; 4 years; man putting on lipstick
T or F: boys tend to be more flexible about stereotypes
F; girls
What are the 3 main gender differences in intellectual abilities?
Girls excel at reading, writing, spelling, less likely to have language related difficulties, and have better spatial memory. Boys surpass girls at mental rotation and determining relations between objects in space
What is the gender difference in mathematics?
Girls better in elementary, reverse in high school/college
What are the gender differences in memory?
Girls tend to remember identity and location of objects, faces, and more detail when describing past events better
Why are boys more likely to be physically aggressive (3)?
Androgens (testosterone), male models in media, parents more tolerant of boys
What kind of aggression do girls typically use?
Relational aggression
What are the 2 reasons why girls are better at expressing emotions?
Brain development (temporal love develops faster), parents encourage it more
What are the gender differences in social influence?
Girls more compliant, more likely to be influences by persuasive messages and group pressure, may value group harmony
What is egalitarian predisposition?
Girls tend to allocate equal resources (particularly to same gender) to peers regardless of merit
What is this: A person’s internal sense of being a woman, man, both, neither, or somewhere along the spectrum
Gender identity
What is the process of gender identity development and their ages (3)?
2.5 expects kinds of objects and activities typical for gender; 2-3 know their gender, behavior gender differentiated; preschool increases in gender typed play, spending more time with the same gender peers
What is the difference between girls and boys interactions in play?
Enabling - actions and remarks support other and sustain interaction; constricting - attempts to emerge as a victor by threatening, contradicting, exaggerating
What is the gender schema theory?
Gender schemas scripts for processing social info, has influence on the processing of social information and on self-esteem. IS influenced by society’s beliefs about female and male traits
What is this: Sex differences in behavior emerged because they offer reproductive advantages
Evolutionary perspective
What happens when girls are affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH - genetic disorder in which beginning in prenatal development, adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgens)?
When exposed to large amounts of androgen during prenatal development, tend to prefer masculine activities and male playmates
What are 3 facts true about androgynous people?
High in both expressive and instrumental traits, often better adjusted than when gender roles are highly stereotyped, benefits girls self-esteem more than boys
What is this: Describes instrumental individuals who act on the world and influence it
Instrumental (male associated traits)
What is this: Describes emotional functioning and individuals who value interpersonal relationships
Expressive (female associated traits)
What is the learning process of gender stereotypes?
18 months = no longer look equally at gender stereotypes toys
2 years = infants look longer at males performing female activities, vice versa
4 years = knowledge extensive
6 year = girls less likely than boys to believe gender could be really smart
What are physical differences in development and behavior (5)?
Girls less fat and muscle, less active quieter play, healthier, more cell bodies and dendrites while boys have more glial cells and more myelinated axons, girls tend to have better fine motor coordination
What is effortful control and who is better at it?
Behavior regulation, inhibit appropriate responding, focus attention; girls
What is this: Children first decide whether an object, activity, or behavior is considered male or female, then they use this information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity, or behavior
Gender schema theory
What is this: View that any aspect of development as being a system of components that change over time
Dynamic systems approach (DS)
