Week 3 - Cells and microbes Flashcards
Cyt
Cell
Plasm
Living Substance
Logy
Study of
Endo, intra
Within
Exo, extra
Outside
Reticulum
Network
Lys
To breakdown
Som
Body
Micro
Small
Villi
Hairs
What are some relevant nursing actions related to cells and microbes?
- Pressure care area
- Wound dressing and assessment
- Recording and monitoring of patient fluid balance
- Alcohol and soap-based hand washing
- Administering prescribed medications with different routes and absorption
Cellular material inside the cell
Cytoplasm
Double layer of phospholipids with protein molecules in it
Plasma Membrane
Control centre of cell (DNA)
Nucleus
Membranous network, smooth or rough (ribosomes)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Increase surface area of plasma membrane (absorption)
Microvillie
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Modifies proteins and lipids for export
Golgi Complex
Transports products such as protein
Secretory Vesicle
Contains acidic digestive enzymes (pathogen and debris)
Lysosome
Synthesises Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP = energy, heat)
Mitochondrion
Role in cell division (mitosis)
Centriole
Role in joining cells together
Desmosome
Proteins organised as microfilaments, microtubules or
intermediate filaments (scaffold) e.g., myosin, keratin
Cytoskeleton
What are fibroblasts?
- Lie along the protein fibres they secrete, e.g. secretes Collagen.
- RER< Golgi Complex
What are macrophage?
- Eats Bacteria
- Lysosomes to digest (break) pathogens, debris, bone etc.
How can substances enter and leave the cell.
Molecules (e.g., drugs, water and electrolytes) can move across the plasma membrane of a cell by passive and active transport processes.
What does hypertonic solution mean?
- (hyper = more)
- Has a greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol (thus the solution has a lower concentration of water).
What does Isotonic solution mean?
- (iso = equal)
- Has the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol (cell interior).
Bacteria is a cellular organism, how can this microorganism sustain life on its own?
Have cellular ribosomes for protein synthesis.
When would giving an intravenous hypotonic or isotonic solution be beneficial to a patient?
- Dehydrated patient
- Water would move into cells by osmosis
What does hypotonic solution mean?
- (hypo = less, below)
- Has a lower solute concentration than that of the cytosol (thus the solution has a higher concentration of water).
What is Interphase?
Normal metabolic events occur (e.g., protein synthesis). In preparation for mitosis, chromosomes are copied (DNA replication) so that each is composed of two identical chromatids joined by a centromere.
In clinical practice, hand washing with soap is used for protein-based contaminants such as body fluids and certain microorganisms. This is because alcohol-based hand rubs (AHHR) are not effective against _________ and _________.
Endospore-forming bacteria and non-enveloped viruses
Viruses are considered acellular microorganisms, or more correctly infectious agents. What does this mean for their survival?
- Need to inject a host cell.
- Will use host ribosomes.
Why is it just as important to dry your hands as it is to wash them?
Microorganisms (e.g. bacterial cells) will grow where this water.
What is Prophase?
Chromosomes are supercoiled (compacted), nuclear envelope disintegrates. Centrioles sprout microtubules (spindles) that attach to the chromosomes.
What is Anaphase?
Centromere is split. Microtubules shorten and pull one chromatid from each chromosome to opposite poles of the cell.
What is Metaphase?
Microtubules position the 46 chromosomes across middle of cell.
What is Telophase?
Nuclear envelope reformed, chromosomes uncoil, cytokinesis divides cytoplasm between the two new daughter cells.
The absence of ________ would prevent a cell from undergoing mitosis (cell division).
Centrioles
Most cells of the ________ system lack centrioles.
Nervous
In the presence of oxygen and a fuel source (glucose, fats (glycerol), amino acids), cellular ________ provide an abundant supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and heat.
Mitochondria
Describe why prolonged pressure on the skin would cause cell death (pressure injury).
- No blood (fuel and oxygen) to cells (mitochondria) therefore no ATP.
- Synthesised = No life
_________ are microorganisms that grow in clusters of spherical-shaped bacteria.
Staphylococcus
__________ are survival structures formed by some strains of bacillus.
Endospores
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached
Diffusion
Movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Energy is derived from ATP to pump a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient
Active Transport
Passive transport in which a solute binds a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of materials out of the cell by the fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
Type of endocytosis in which large particles such as pathogens are taken into the cell
Phagocytosis
