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Motor Control and Skill Acquisition > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system is made up of…

A
  • brain

- Spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system i divided into…

A

afferent (to brain) and efferent (from brain) divisions

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3
Q

What is the most dominant scense (especially in sport)?

A

Vision

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4
Q

____% of all sensory receptors are located in the eye

A

70%

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5
Q

____% of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved in processing visual information

A

40%

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6
Q

Elements of the focal system…(4)

A
  • Functions to identify objects located primarily in centre of vision
  • Linked to consciousness
  • Operates under voluntary control
  • But hampered in low-light
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7
Q

Elements of the ambient system…(4)

A
  • Functions at a subconscious level
  • Responsible for spatial location and orientation (e.g. determine walking speed)
  • Serves central and peripheral vision fields
  • Not affected by changes in light
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8
Q

Is focal system or ambient system linked to consciousness?

A

Focal system

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9
Q

Is focal system or ambient system reduced with low light?

A

Focal system

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10
Q

Is focal system or ambient system responsible for spatial location and orientation?

A

Ambient

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11
Q

What is transparent surface of the eye and refracts light?

A

The cornea

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12
Q

What is the central opening of the iris, lets light in eye?

A

The pupil

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13
Q

What is convex shaped, transparent, and can change shape to project a sharp image onto the retina at the back of the eye?

A

The lens

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14
Q

The ventral stream provides information about the ____ in motor control

A

what

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15
Q

The ventral stream is important for object…..

A

Identification to initiate action

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16
Q

The ____ stream has access to conscious and is processed through the information-processing stages

A

ventral

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17
Q

Is the ventral stream part of the focal or ambient system?

A

Focal system

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18
Q

The dorsal stream provides information about…

A

movement through the environment (e.g. time to contract, direction if movement of objects, and balance)
- allows perception of motion, position and timing

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19
Q

What is a smooth pursuit eye movements used for?

A

To track objects

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20
Q

What is a saccades eye movement used for?

A

Used to move point of gaze quickly from one point to another

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21
Q

What is a vergence eye movement used for?

A

used to fixate on objects at different distances

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22
Q

What is a fixation eye movement used for?

A

When point of gaze pauses (fixates or stops) on a specific object or event

23
Q

Binocular vision (seeing with both eyes) is important for…?

A

Depth perception, when 3-dimensional features are involved

24
Q

Do both eyes send information at the same speed?

A

No, one eye processes information and transmits it to the brain more quickly than the other

25
Q

Rotation of the head delayed relative to the body’s rotation to reduce dizziness is called…

A

Spotting

26
Q

Locomotion:

A

movement from one place to another

27
Q

Optic flow is…?

A

How close we are to certain objects, and how quickly we’re approaching them

28
Q

explain feedforward …?

A

Sends information ahead, to prepare or adjust movement in advance

29
Q

Occlusions in vision are…?

A

A block (occlude) to vision to understand what visual information use

30
Q

What is a temporal occlusion in vision?

A
  • Vision is occluded (blocked) at specific time point
  • Such as before ball release, after ball release, after ball bounce, before ball contact
  • about ‘when’
31
Q

What is an event occlusion in vision?

A
  • vision of specific events is occluded
  • such as ball, opponents hips, opponents head, foot, or the ball
  • about ‘what’
32
Q

General vision training aids to improve…?

A

general function of vision (e.g. visual acuity, depth perception, colour perception)

33
Q

Does research show that general visual training enhances sport performance?

A

Yes, but not strong evidence

34
Q

Sport specific visual-perceptual training aims to train….?

A

perceptual-cognitive capabilities that appear to distinguish higher and lower skilled participants in the specific sport

35
Q

Sport specific visual-perceptual training often use video-based training focused on

A

postural cue information or pattern recognition in the specific sport

36
Q

List 4 visual search strategies?

A
  • Quiet eye (last fixation point before you perform a skill)
  • Targeting skills
  • Interceptive skills
  • Tactical skills
37
Q

Proprioception is the ….

A

continuous flow of sensory information from receptors regarding movement and body position

38
Q

List 4 types of proprioception receptors?

A
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Muscle spindles
  • Joint kinesthetic receptors
  • Vestibular apparatus
39
Q

Golgi-tendon organs (GTO) are located….

A

in skeletal muscle near the insertion of the rendon

40
Q

Golgi-tendon organs detect changes in…?

A

muscle tension (i.e. force), but poor detectors of muscle length changes

41
Q

Joint receptors are located in the…

A

joint capsule and ligaments

42
Q

Within the joint receptors, it’s the ______ that detect changes in force and rotation in the joint

A

mechanoreceptors

43
Q

Muscle spindles detect …?

A

Changes in muscle fibre length and velocity/speed of stretch (through the mechanoreceptors)

44
Q

The vestibular system is located…?

A

in the inner ear

45
Q

The vestibular system detects _____ and _____ of the head

A

orientation, movement

46
Q

The vestibular system works closely with the visual system to maintain ______

A

equilibrium/balance

47
Q

The vestibular system consists of what 5 sensory organs….?

A
  • semicircular canals (x3) - monitor angular accelerations

- Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) - monitor linear accelerations or position in relation to gravity

48
Q

Research shows proprioception influences (3)….?

A
  • Movement accuracy
  • Timing of onset of motor commands
  • Coordination of body and/or limb segments
49
Q

______ ____ involves multiple sensory inputs that tell the CNS where the body is in space

A

postural control

50
Q

Postural control: Maintaining equilibrium requires postural adjustments; _____ or _______

A

compensatory or anticipatory

51
Q

Not reestablishing proprioception in rehab can result in…?

A

instability that may impair performance and predispose an athlete/patient to recurrent injury

52
Q

Sensory pathways are ascending/descending?

A

ascending

53
Q

Motor pathways are ascending/descending?

A

descending

Motor Control and Skill Acquisition (9 decks)

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