Week 3 Flashcards
The central nervous system is made up of…
- brain
- Spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system i divided into…
afferent (to brain) and efferent (from brain) divisions
What is the most dominant scense (especially in sport)?
Vision
____% of all sensory receptors are located in the eye
70%
____% of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved in processing visual information
40%
Elements of the focal system…(4)
- Functions to identify objects located primarily in centre of vision
- Linked to consciousness
- Operates under voluntary control
- But hampered in low-light
Elements of the ambient system…(4)
- Functions at a subconscious level
- Responsible for spatial location and orientation (e.g. determine walking speed)
- Serves central and peripheral vision fields
- Not affected by changes in light
Is focal system or ambient system linked to consciousness?
Focal system
Is focal system or ambient system reduced with low light?
Focal system
Is focal system or ambient system responsible for spatial location and orientation?
Ambient
What is transparent surface of the eye and refracts light?
The cornea
What is the central opening of the iris, lets light in eye?
The pupil
What is convex shaped, transparent, and can change shape to project a sharp image onto the retina at the back of the eye?
The lens
The ventral stream provides information about the ____ in motor control
what
The ventral stream is important for object…..
Identification to initiate action
The ____ stream has access to conscious and is processed through the information-processing stages
ventral
Is the ventral stream part of the focal or ambient system?
Focal system
The dorsal stream provides information about…
movement through the environment (e.g. time to contract, direction if movement of objects, and balance)
- allows perception of motion, position and timing
What is a smooth pursuit eye movements used for?
To track objects
What is a saccades eye movement used for?
Used to move point of gaze quickly from one point to another
What is a vergence eye movement used for?
used to fixate on objects at different distances
What is a fixation eye movement used for?
When point of gaze pauses (fixates or stops) on a specific object or event
Binocular vision (seeing with both eyes) is important for…?
Depth perception, when 3-dimensional features are involved
Do both eyes send information at the same speed?
No, one eye processes information and transmits it to the brain more quickly than the other
Rotation of the head delayed relative to the body’s rotation to reduce dizziness is called…
Spotting
Locomotion:
movement from one place to another
Optic flow is…?
How close we are to certain objects, and how quickly we’re approaching them
explain feedforward …?
Sends information ahead, to prepare or adjust movement in advance
Occlusions in vision are…?
A block (occlude) to vision to understand what visual information use
What is a temporal occlusion in vision?
- Vision is occluded (blocked) at specific time point
- Such as before ball release, after ball release, after ball bounce, before ball contact
- about ‘when’
What is an event occlusion in vision?
- vision of specific events is occluded
- such as ball, opponents hips, opponents head, foot, or the ball
- about ‘what’
General vision training aids to improve…?
general function of vision (e.g. visual acuity, depth perception, colour perception)
Does research show that general visual training enhances sport performance?
Yes, but not strong evidence
Sport specific visual-perceptual training aims to train….?
perceptual-cognitive capabilities that appear to distinguish higher and lower skilled participants in the specific sport
Sport specific visual-perceptual training often use video-based training focused on
postural cue information or pattern recognition in the specific sport
List 4 visual search strategies?
- Quiet eye (last fixation point before you perform a skill)
- Targeting skills
- Interceptive skills
- Tactical skills
Proprioception is the ….
continuous flow of sensory information from receptors regarding movement and body position
List 4 types of proprioception receptors?
- Golgi tendon organs
- Muscle spindles
- Joint kinesthetic receptors
- Vestibular apparatus
Golgi-tendon organs (GTO) are located….
in skeletal muscle near the insertion of the rendon
Golgi-tendon organs detect changes in…?
muscle tension (i.e. force), but poor detectors of muscle length changes
Joint receptors are located in the…
joint capsule and ligaments
Within the joint receptors, it’s the ______ that detect changes in force and rotation in the joint
mechanoreceptors
Muscle spindles detect …?
Changes in muscle fibre length and velocity/speed of stretch (through the mechanoreceptors)
The vestibular system is located…?
in the inner ear
The vestibular system detects _____ and _____ of the head
orientation, movement
The vestibular system works closely with the visual system to maintain ______
equilibrium/balance
The vestibular system consists of what 5 sensory organs….?
- semicircular canals (x3) - monitor angular accelerations
- Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) - monitor linear accelerations or position in relation to gravity
Research shows proprioception influences (3)….?
- Movement accuracy
- Timing of onset of motor commands
- Coordination of body and/or limb segments
______ ____ involves multiple sensory inputs that tell the CNS where the body is in space
postural control
Postural control: Maintaining equilibrium requires postural adjustments; _____ or _______
compensatory or anticipatory
Not reestablishing proprioception in rehab can result in…?
instability that may impair performance and predispose an athlete/patient to recurrent injury
Sensory pathways are ascending/descending?
ascending
Motor pathways are ascending/descending?
descending
