Week 12 Flashcards
_______ is the fundamental process in learning and performance of motor skills in physical education and sport
attention
Focalization, concentration, of consciousness are the essence of ____
attention
Attention relates to _____ and _____ of ….
consciousness, awareness of what you’re doing (not habit)
Attention divided into (3):
- alertness
- limited capacity
- selectivity
Alertness is the ____ of attention to stimuli
sensitivity
___ ____ = being ready to respond to information: can be short-term or long-term
paying attention
Short-term alertness is directly related to level of ____
arousal
Arousal: ???
general psychological and physiological activation
Influence of arousal on performance follows what???
Inverted-U
Low levels of arousal -> attention is _____
Moderate levels of arousal -> attention is ____
High levels of arousal -> attention is ____
- broad
- optimal
- narrow
Long-term alertness is related to the amount of time a task is as well at the learner’s… (3)
fatigue, anxiety and motivation
Skills and task presentation, practice design, and feedback influence this (______)
long-term alertness
e.g. practicing the same skill for extended hours promotes inactivity
______ task: Attention task that requires a learner to keep attention focused over extended periods; however, the stimuli that the learner needs to react to occur only every now and then
vigilence
Dual-task procedure
- Common procedure to study attentional capacity
- Requires learners to perform two tasks at same time
- Can determine how much interference a secondary task cause on a primary task
- Research and teaching application
_____:
- Reducing the amount of attention learners use to perform a skill improves performance
- Can use the remaining attentional capacity for other activities
- Move from conscious controlled processing to automatic processing
Automaticity
Controlled processing:
- a conscious process requiring _____ of attention
Automatic processing:
- An unconscious process requiring _____ attention
lots, less
A goal for instructors is to help learners move towards ______ of skill performance so that they are able to allocate attention to other aspects of performance while performing the skill
automaticity
Explicit learning (and negative):
- Learn through direct instruction on how to perform the skill
- negative: lacking problem solving, creativity, independence, very passive
Implicit learning:
- Learn skills through practice tasks without direct instruction on how to complete those tasks
- more exploratory, more problem solving etc
Instructors in physical education and sport traditionally utilise _____ rather than _____ learning approaches because they’re quick and easy to implement
explicit, implicit
However, wit ____ learning, they are more likely to breakdown under fatigue, stress, pressure
- Transfer less effectively into performance
explicit
By encouraging learners to focus consciously on the movement, this can switch from _____ to more __ ____
automatic, controlled processing
Attentional focus: influence of instructions to…
consciously attend to specific information
Internal focus to attention:
directing a learner’s attention to their movement (focussing on arms)
External focus of attention:
directing a learner’s attention to the effects of their movement (focussing on bat)
Memory:
- system that allows us to store and retain information
- Learning is intertwined with out understanding of memory
- Memory enables us to remember and recall things and to benefit from out practice and experiences
According to James
1. ______ memory (in immediate past)
- ______ memory (recalling distant information)
Primary, Secondary
Sensory memory:
- information from the sensory systems
- unlimited capacity
- Brief duration (less than 1 sec)
- If it does not pass to short term memory we don’t remember it
- Works like a filter
Short term memory:
- Temporary store limited capacity (7 items approx)
- Limited duration (20-30 s)
- If not paying attention, you won’t retain it
Long-term memory:
- permanent store
- unlimited capacity
- unlimited duration
- Problem is process of recall and recognition
Sensory memory lasts _____, Short term memory lasts _____, Long-term memory lasts _____
less than 1 second, 20-30 seconds, indefinitely
Capacity:
- Sensory memory
- Short term
- Long term
- Unlimited, if does not pass to short term we won’t remember it
- Temporary store limited capacity (7 items approx)
- Unlimited capacity, permanent store
Explicit memory test:
Recall information
- reproduce material
- select correct response
- multiple choice questions
Implicit memory test:
Ask learners to demonstrate that they have remembered the information, without conscious recall
- short answer question
Trace decay:
forgetting occurs because of the passing of time
Interference:
forgetting occurs due to the interference of other information in LTM
Proactive interference:
inference of old memories with new memories
Retroactive interference:
new memories mix with old memories
Implications of memory for practice design and instruction: Remember _____ skills (cycling) better than ___ (typing) or ___ skills (sport)
continuous, discrete, serial
Implications of memory for practice design and instruction:
- Motor learning and skill acquisition principles
- Characteristic of the skill
- Movement location
- Meaningfulness of the movement
Primacy effect (serial position effect):
We tend to remember things at the start and finish, not in the middle.
Intentional memory
when learners expect they will be tested on information
Incidental recall
when learners do not expect they will be tested
Encoding specificity principle
the closer the relationship between the practice and test contexts, the better the test performance will be
Specificity of practice
Try to match the learning context and performance context as closely as possible
