Week 04 Flashcards
Judgement is…?
a set of evaluative and inferential processes that people have at their disposal and can draw on in the process of making decisions
Decision making is…?
is the process of making a choice based on the available options, with the consequences of those choices being critical
Judgement vs decision making…?
Making a choice is based on how you judge the situation
Name 3 theories concerned with social judgement
- Psychophysics: human judgement that is made in terms of laws of perception
- Social judgement theory
- Social cognition
LIST: Psychophysics: human judgement that is made in terms of laws of perception theories (4)…?
- Weber-fechner law
- Regression
- Range-frequency
- Accentuation
The Weber-fechner law is…
Just noticeable difference
The regression theory states…
high frequency events seem to be understimulated while. low frequency events seem to be overstimulated
The range-frequency theory is….
categorical, to give yellow card or not (it can be fuzzy)
The accentuation theory is…
bigger differences between two groups (it is less fuzzy)
The social judgement theory states…
Brunswick (1955) suggested that people’s achievement or ultimate goal is based on their ability to perceive their environment as accurately as possible
Problem with the social judgement theory?
People need to have direct access to ‘true’ states of being (distal variables/criteria), that is a true sense of the world around them which is difficult. Therefore, they must infer (proximal variables/cues)
Explain the social cognitive theory?
Concerned with social knowledge and cognitive processes when a person constructs their reality (can be subjective)
- In other words, ‘it is the study of how people make sense of other people and themselves’ - Bar eli (2011)
The encoded memory…?
Of the offence is stored for future reference
Causal attribution…?
Factors that contribute to an outcome (emotional, social, behavioural)
Impression formation…?
Impressions of another player may effect our performance
Cognitive illusions include…?
bias
A doctor/physio must judge distal variables (_____) when they only have access to the proximal variables (_____). As they become more practiced the divide between the two variables decreases = skilled judgement (expertise)
illness, symptoms
Decision making theories are generally classified by their _____ or their _____
nature (deterministic or probabilistic), timeline
Timeline decision making theories can be divided into 2 subcategories?
- static: options compared at the same time
- dynamic: options compared sequentially (different time)
- OR both together
Explain the subjective expected utility (SEU) theory…?
Static AND deterministic framework —> combine uncertainty
A) “uncertainty”: probability of success
B) “utility”: value of the chosen option
A player will have many times when they can shoot a basket (high value?? –> but can be low) or pass to teammate (low value?? but can be higher)….. what theory investigates this?
Subjective expected utility (SEU)
Explain the prospect theory and its 2 phases…?
Static AND deterministic
2 phases:
1) Editing of the problem (memory processes, i.e. this theory considers past experience and applies four mechanisms)
2) evaluation of the option
What are the 4 mechanisms applied to phase 1 of the prospect theory?
Phase 1 - editing of problem (memory processes experience):
- combination of options
- simplification
- segregation
- elimination
Explain the decisional field theory…?
It adds time to the SEU theory:
- That is preferences change over time
- or the preference for a given option changes depending on the context in that moment
Decision change depending on the context and the perceived value of the option chosen.
Explain the heuristic approach…?
Decision makers construct simplified models of complex decision processes that contain only the information the person thinks they can manage
e.g. take first best option that comes up (can still disregard options, but if they come up with a fast option that is good enough- they take it)
How can we measure judgement decision making (JDM) expertise?
By measuring perception, knowledge and decisions
How can JDM expertise be developed?
- deliberate practice is one possibility
- Free play, deliberate play, organised practise, deliberate practice
people actively seek information that will allow them to accurately perceive another, this is ____ perception
person
Here we compare to others to conclude a judgement about self, this is ____ comparison
social
This is where we examine which factors (attributes) have caused an outcome (e.g. win/loss), this is ____ attributions
causal
Ways we can train JDM for athletes ?
Non-motion specific types of practice:
- Video-based training
- Tactics board training
- Intentional decision making training
- SMART (Situation Model of Anticipated Response consequences in Tactical decisions)
- Sources of error in coaching practice (to look at effect of errors and making solutions via judgement and DM)
______ is the process by which we attach meaning to sensory information we gather
perception
Input –> stage 1: Stimulus identification (______) —> stage 2: Response selection (______) —> Stage 3: response programming (_____) —> output
perception, decision, action
Information processing model is…?
Input -> decision making -> execution (repeat with feedback)
Ecological approach means…?
Focuses on learning in the context of development.
Affordances refers to…?
- Action possibilities of the environment/task in relation to the perceivers capabilities
- Perception if the environment/task in terms of the actions the perceiver can potentially exert on it
Ecological approach to perception…?
Views the relationship between perception and action as circular
Ecological approach illustrated a direct relationship exists between…?
Perception and action
Reaction time is the brief lag between…?
the moment a stimulus is presented and the initiation of the response to the stimulus
Reaction time can be influenced by…?
- Number of response choices
- Levels of uncertainty
- Anticipation
- Foreperiod consistency
- Psychological refractory period
- Stimulus response compatibility
Simple reaction time (SRT) is…?
one stimulus and one specific response to stimulus
Choice reaction time (CRT) is…?
more than one stimulus to respond to and each stimulus has a specific response
Discrimination reaction time (DRT) is…?
More than one stimulus, but only one response to one specific stimulus, with other stimuli requiring no response
Fractionated reaction time (FRT) is…?
RT is separated into two parts - premotor time ad motor time - using electromyography (EMG)
RT decreases when interval between warning and go signal is more regular… this is known as the ________ length regularity
fore-period
RT increases as complexity of the action increases, this is known as the ____ ____
movement complexity
Hick’s law states that…
Choice RT is related to the number of response choices
Movement time is the..?
interval between the initiation of the movement and its completion
Increased uncertainty leads to delayed or inaccurate responses (____ law)
Hick’s
Stimulus-response compatibility is the extent to which a …?
stimulus and its required response are naturally related
When stimulus-response compatibility is low is more or less time needed to prepare response?
More time needed
