Week 06 Flashcards
Three elements to manipulate constraints to improve learning performance:
- task
- individual (organismic)
- environment
The ______ theory is that: The basic premise is that movement behaviour is the result of complex interactions between many different subsystems in the body, the task at hand, and the environment.
dynamic
A _____ system is depending on the interaction of many independent and interacting parts
complex
Dynamic systems states movement is not based on some central representation, such as motor program, but it emerges naturally as part of a _____ system
complex
______ systems use non linear dynamics to explain changes in complex systems with many interacting parts
Dynamic (e.g. traffic in city, weather systems, water flow in river, chemical reactions)
Non linear dynamics are abrupt ____ from one stable state to another
changes or transitions
Do non linear dynamics occur naturally or artificially?
Naturally
Self organisation is when…
specific constraints are present, the system organises into a specific stable state of movement
Constraints are the…
boundaries that influence the movement capabilities of individuals
Perception-action coupling: is looking at the…
environment and understanding features and keys from environment and using it to make a decision on what you will do.
Attractors are …?
Preferred (or energy efficient) ways of moving that the system is drawn towards
______ describes that we are naturally drawn towards things that are stable (we are used to or feel comfortable to us), however, can be beneficial to do things that feel unstable (not used to performing), e.g. to correct bad form, promote creativity, etc.
attractors
Non linear changes in movements are…
Abrupt changes (called phase shifts or transitions) occur from one attractor (stable state) to another
transitions are slow/rapid
rapid
An example of a ____ is the change from walking to running as the required speed of movement increases
transition
Control parameter are the elements in the system that..
vary to produce changes in the movement increases or pattern
Order parameter is the…
The movement pattern produced
Attractors state that some movements are more _____ than others
attractive
Ecological models:
- consistent with this approach (dynamic systems)
- focus more on perception
Direct perception:
information to control actions is consistently and directly available from our senses
Perception-action coupling:
- we must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive
- Perception drives action, but also that action can drive our perception
Affordances:
- opportunities for action provided by the environment or task in relation to the performers capabilities
- They can drive the action that we perform as a result of our perception or action
- because you are searching for affordances for action, your movement influences the affordances you perceive (so action influences perception), and because you are searching for affordances for action, the affordances you perceive influence action
Motor equivalence (flexibility of movement):
The movement pattern self-organises, thus the movement emerges to the constraints that are present
Uniqueness:
There is no central representation of the movement pattern, the movement pattern self-organises for the movement situation so that it’s unique to those constraints
Stability and consistency:
the system is drawn towards stable attractor states, which are preferred ways of moving
Modifiability:
The movement pattern self organises for the movement situation so that it is modified in relation to those constraints and changes in constraints
Serial order:
Coordinative structures exist or develop for movement so that a coordinated sequence emerges
Skill acquisition and motor learning:
With practice we develop attractor states for movement, so that well learnt skills become very stable states of movement and we are drawn more towards these patterns
Degrees of freedom problem:
The complex system of control self-organises based on the constraints
Coordination:
Attractor states are energy-efficient patterns
Constraints led approach to skill acquisition:
focuses on how the interacting constraints shape movement skill acquisition
- Influenced by both the dynamic systems theory and ecological models
Constrains-led approach to skill acquisition; Two critical components are:
- The emphasis on manipulating task constraints to encourage learners to explore movement solutions
- Developing learning environments that couple key sources of environmental information with movement (perception-action coupling)
Perception-action coupling:
- learning environments should couple key sources of information with movement
- develop learning environments that involve game-related and context-related aspects of the motor skills
- learners experience critical sources of perceptual information
- Leaners should not practise motor skills in isolation from the perceptual environment in which they perform the skills
Affordances:
- Skill acquisition = becoming better attuned to affordances for action
- learners should be provided with learning environments where there are opportunities to search for affordances
- Situating learning in the environment in which the learner will perform the skill
Closed drills:
- traditional approach to practice is to isolate fitness work from skills and to practise skills in isolated closed drills
- Learners develop fitness in non-sport specific drills (make it easy to monitor/quantify training load)
- learners practise skills in closed drills (makes it easy to monitor skill repetition and training load)
Concern with closed skill drills:
Isolate the skill from the perceptual environment in which it occurs
Open drills:
- More game like (such as modified games and game sense)
- e.g. include defenders, adapting movement in response to others
- Concern with more open drills
- might reduce skill repetition and are more difficult to monitor and control training load
Dynamic systems (4)?
- self organisation
- constraints
- attractors
- nonlinear changes in movement
Constraints-led approach to skill acquisition…
manipulating task constraints
Difference between indirect and direct perception
Indirect uses memory
