Week 06

Question 1

Three elements to manipulate constraints to improve learning performance:

Answer 1

• task
• individual (organismic)
• environment

Question 2

The ______ theory is that: The basic premise is that movement behaviour is the result of complex interactions between many different subsystems in the body, the task at hand, and the environment.

Answer 2

dynamic

Question 3

A _____ system is depending on the interaction of many independent and interacting parts

Answer 3

complex

Question 4

Dynamic systems states movement is not based on some central representation, such as motor program, but it emerges naturally as part of a _____ system

Answer 4

complex

Question 5

______ systems use non linear dynamics to explain changes in complex systems with many interacting parts

Answer 5

Dynamic (e.g. traffic in city, weather systems, water flow in river, chemical reactions)

Question 6

Non linear dynamics are abrupt ____ from one stable state to another

Answer 6

changes or transitions

Question 7

Do non linear dynamics occur naturally or artificially?

Answer 7

Naturally

Question 8

Self organisation is when…

Answer 8

specific constraints are present, the system organises into a specific stable state of movement

Question 9

Constraints are the…

Answer 9

boundaries that influence the movement capabilities of individuals

Question 10

Perception-action coupling: is looking at the…

Answer 10

environment and understanding features and keys from environment and using it to make a decision on what you will do.

Question 11

Attractors are …?

Answer 11

Preferred (or energy efficient) ways of moving that the system is drawn towards

Question 12

______ describes that we are naturally drawn towards things that are stable (we are used to or feel comfortable to us), however, can be beneficial to do things that feel unstable (not used to performing), e.g. to correct bad form, promote creativity, etc.

Answer 12

attractors

Question 13

Non linear changes in movements are…

Answer 13

Abrupt changes (called phase shifts or transitions) occur from one attractor (stable state) to another

Question 14

transitions are slow/rapid

Answer 14

rapid

Question 15

An example of a ____ is the change from walking to running as the required speed of movement increases

Answer 15

transition

Question 16

Control parameter are the elements in the system that..

Answer 16

vary to produce changes in the movement increases or pattern

Question 17

Order parameter is the…

Answer 17

The movement pattern produced

Question 18

Attractors state that some movements are more _____ than others

Answer 18

attractive

Question 19

Ecological models:

Answer 19

• consistent with this approach (dynamic systems)

- focus more on perception

Question 20

Direct perception:

Answer 20

information to control actions is consistently and directly available from our senses

Question 21

Perception-action coupling:

Answer 21

• we must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive
• Perception drives action, but also that action can drive our perception

Question 22

Affordances:

Answer 22

• opportunities for action provided by the environment or task in relation to the performers capabilities
• They can drive the action that we perform as a result of our perception or action
• because you are searching for affordances for action, your movement influences the affordances you perceive (so action influences perception), and because you are searching for affordances for action, the affordances you perceive influence action

Question 23

Motor equivalence (flexibility of movement):

Answer 23

The movement pattern self-organises, thus the movement emerges to the constraints that are present

Question 24

Uniqueness:

Answer 24

There is no central representation of the movement pattern, the movement pattern self-organises for the movement situation so that it’s unique to those constraints

Question 25

Stability and consistency:

Answer 25

the system is drawn towards stable attractor states, which are preferred ways of moving

Question 26

Modifiability:

Answer 26

The movement pattern self organises for the movement situation so that it is modified in relation to those constraints and changes in constraints

Question 27

Serial order:

Answer 27

Coordinative structures exist or develop for movement so that a coordinated sequence emerges

Question 28

Skill acquisition and motor learning:

Answer 28

With practice we develop attractor states for movement, so that well learnt skills become very stable states of movement and we are drawn more towards these patterns

Question 29

Degrees of freedom problem:

Answer 29

The complex system of control self-organises based on the constraints

Question 30

Coordination:

Answer 30

Attractor states are energy-efficient patterns

Question 31

Constraints led approach to skill acquisition:

Answer 31

focuses on how the interacting constraints shape movement skill acquisition
- Influenced by both the dynamic systems theory and ecological models

Question 32

Constrains-led approach to skill acquisition; Two critical components are:

Answer 32

• The emphasis on manipulating task constraints to encourage learners to explore movement solutions
• Developing learning environments that couple key sources of environmental information with movement (perception-action coupling)

Question 33

Perception-action coupling:

Answer 33

• learning environments should couple key sources of information with movement
• develop learning environments that involve game-related and context-related aspects of the motor skills
• learners experience critical sources of perceptual information
• Leaners should not practise motor skills in isolation from the perceptual environment in which they perform the skills

Question 34

Affordances:

Answer 34

• Skill acquisition = becoming better attuned to affordances for action
• learners should be provided with learning environments where there are opportunities to search for affordances
• Situating learning in the environment in which the learner will perform the skill

Question 35

Closed drills:

Answer 35

• traditional approach to practice is to isolate fitness work from skills and to practise skills in isolated closed drills
• Learners develop fitness in non-sport specific drills (make it easy to monitor/quantify training load)
• learners practise skills in closed drills (makes it easy to monitor skill repetition and training load)

Question 36

Concern with closed skill drills:

Answer 36

Isolate the skill from the perceptual environment in which it occurs

Question 37

Open drills:

Answer 37

• More game like (such as modified games and game sense)
• e.g. include defenders, adapting movement in response to others
• Concern with more open drills
• might reduce skill repetition and are more difficult to monitor and control training load

Question 38

Dynamic systems (4)?

Answer 38

• self organisation
• constraints
• attractors
• nonlinear changes in movement

Question 39

Constraints-led approach to skill acquisition…

Answer 39

manipulating task constraints

Question 40

Difference between indirect and direct perception

Answer 40

Indirect uses memory