Week 22- Social Psych I Flashcards
Introspection is…..?
Looking in to one’s own thoughts and feelings
What is social psychology?
The scientific study of how individualistic thoughts, feelings and behaviours, are influenced by the social context
What is it called when one predicts how one would feel about a future a emotional event?
Affective-forecasting
What is the Self-Perception theory?
When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people sometimes determine their attitudes and feelings by observing their own behaviour.
What is the concept of Looking-Glass Self?
The notion that other people serve as mirrors in which we see ourselves
Define social comparison theory
The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others
What is the sociometer theory?
States that self esteem evolved as a way to measure interpersonal relationships.
What is terror management theory?
States that all human behaviour is motivated by the fear if our own mortality
Engaging in behaviours designed to sabotage ones own performance in order to provide subsequent reasoning/excuse for failure is called what?
Self-handicapping
What is it called when someone is associating with others who are successful to increase ones self esteem?
Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)
What are downward social comparisons?
Defence tendencies to compare oneself with others who are worse off than oneself.
What is self serving cognition?
General beliefs about the self that serve to enhance self esteem
What is self discrepancy theory?
Our self esteem and emotional states are determined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves
What are explanations for the causes of ones own and others’ behaviours?
Attributions
Situational attribution
Personal attribution
What is the covariantion principle?
An attribution theory in which people make casual inferences to explain why they and other people behave in a certain way. Consistency Consensus Distinctiveness = causes of behaviour
What is a representative Heuristic?
A mental short cut to judge membership in a group based k. A typical example or prototype of that group
What is availability heuristic?
We assume something happens more often then it actually does.
Memory shortcut used to judge the likelihood or frequency of events based on information available in the memory.
What is the anchoring heuristic
A mental shortcut used to estimate value or size based on a suggested starting point
What is fundamental attribution error?
Tendency to over estimate the impact of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors when attributing the causes of another’s behaviour.
What are organized sets of knowledge or beliefs about any other groups of people ?
Stereotypes (cognitive component)
Define prejudice
Negative feeling toward other people based on their membership in certain groups. (Emotional component)
Define discrimination
Negative behaviour against people because of their group membership. (Behavioural component)
What is realistic conflict theory?
Groups tend to have more friction with each other when they compete for resources and will be more cooperative with each other if they feel solidarity or have unified goals.
What is self fulfilling prophecy?
Stereotype base expectancy that causes a person to act in a manner consistent with the stereotype.
What is stereo type threat?
Fear among members of a group that they confirm or be judged in terms if a negative stereotype when they are in situations relevant to that stereotype.
Attitudes Steve five main functions, what are they?
- Utilitarian: function effectively, knowing good or bad and peruse the right things.
- Social adjustive: foster social coherence with others.
- Value expressive: we are what we stand for.
- Ego defensive: help us feel good about ourselves and enhance self esteem
- knowledge: simplify our understanding and allow us to use heuristics.
What are the steps in persuasion? Aka. Message Theory Learning
-Exposure to persuasive message
-Attention
-Comprehension
-yielding (belief in arguments)
-Retention of arguments and the conclusion
=persuasion
What is persuasion?
The use of active techniques to change or influence a persons attitudes.
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model? ELM
Staes that there are two routes through which persuasive messages are processed: the central route and the peripheral route.
What is cognitive dissonance
The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
Behaving in a way that conflicts with one’s belief or values leads to changes in either behaviour or belief is?
Self-Persuasion
How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?
- change in cognition (can’t change your action so change your attitude)
- add consonant cognitions (aka. Bolstering )
- reduce the importance of dissonant cognitions or enhance the importance of consonant cognitions: aka downplay something else
- deny the relation between inconsistent cognitions
