Week 17-Self & Others

Question 0

Around the age eight and up children become more knowledgeable about themselves. Describe self-concept.

Answer 0

An individuals perception of self, including knowledge, feelings, and ideas about oneself. It is used as a basis of how we describe our selves.

Question 1

What is the rouge test?

Answer 1

Test used to determine a sense if self by using a dot of red on the nose of a child or animal. The test subject is placed in front of a mirror and observed to see if recognition occurs.

Question 2

As children age they are more likely to make social comparisons. Describe the term social comparisons

Answer 2

Evaluating ones abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others. We compare ourselves to others and consider how we differ.

Question 3

Adolescence sometimes experience Imaginary Audience. Describe what this is.

Answer 3

Adolescent though process in which they believe they are constantly on stage and everyone is watching them, attending to their every move.

Question 4

Describe what Theory of Mind is.

Answer 4

Expectations concerning how experience affects mental states, especially those of another. It is a reasoning process that attempts to predict how others might think or behave based on their motives, needs and goals.

Question 5

Why is called “theory” of Mind?

Answer 5

Because while the mental states of others are not directly observable we can make predictions about them with some accuracy based on experience.

Question 6

Name a type of test that can be used to determine a child’s theory of mind.

Answer 6

False belief problems: set of tests used to determine ToM and false belief understanding.

Question 7

What is an example of a false belief problem?

Answer 7

Container text: ask children what is in the contain based on what is son the outside of the container, or what is inside the container and adjust them as they learn the truth.

Question 8

What is another example of a False Belief test?

Answer 8

Displacement test: like the Sally Anne task that explores how children reason through a change in location from two different perspectives.

Question 9

Describe infant habituation.

Answer 9

The simplest form of learning in which a given stimulus is presented repeatedly. The child learns not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs repeatedly.

Question 10

What is it called when learners have the inability to switch strategies as new information is presented?

Answer 10

Preservation

Question 11

Define Altruism

Answer 11

A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for ones self-interests.

Question 12

What is Prosocial Behaviour?

Answer 12

Positive, constructive, helpful behaviour that is beneficial to others that are usually at cost to oneself.

Question 13

What is Empathy?

Answer 13

The vicarious experience of another feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes.

Question 14

Define reciprocity

Answer 14

Increased tendency by people to help those how have helped them. An organismic helps another because it expects help in return.

Question 15

Kohlberg believed that people pass through a series of moral developmental stages. What are the three stages?

Answer 15

1- Pre-conventional Morality
2- Conventional Morality
3- Post-conventional Morality

Question 16

Describe Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality stages.

Answer 16

Stage 1: heteronymous morality (preschool) -base reasoning on self interest and avoidance of punishment
Stage 2: instrumental morality (7-8 years) become more interested in fairness of exchanges in evaluations of moral action.

Question 17

Describe Kohlberg’s stages on Conventional Morality.

Answer 17

Stage 3: ‘Good Child’ (10-11) begin to see views of others as important and display concern about being seen as ‘good’
Stage 4: ‘Law and Order’ (late adolescence) concern with the good of society. Laws are obeyed because they prevent a breakdown of society and protect us from immoral behaviour of others.

Question 18

Describe Kohlberg’s final stages of Post-conventional Morality.

Answer 18

Stage 5: social contract - aware that people hold a variety of opinions/values. Recognize certain ideals.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles - abide by a personally chosen set of ethical principles believed to reflect universal tenets of justice.
Stage 7: cosmic orientation ( not in Kohlberg’s original work) - grapple with questions of why moral behaviour is important, construct a natural theology based on experience e, and have mystical spiritual experiences