Week 18-Social Development

Question 0

The social brain hypothesis suggests that the reason for evolutionary growth of the brain is to: ____________________

Answer 0

Provide an advantage to social creatures over other species.

Question 1

Much of what we learn about how to exist in our social world is taught through __________________.

Answer 1

Observational learning and imitation

Question 2

Hoffman suggested that caregivers could employ several different parenting styles of discipline, but he style he called ________ ________ was the most responsible for empathetic and moral development.

Answer 2

Inductive discipline

Question 3

Describe Hoffman’s Inductive Discipline style

Answer 3

Guiding behaviour through appropriate limits and setting up reasonable consequences while also explaining why.

Question 4

Name 4 types of parenting styles.

Answer 4

Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Rejecting-Neglectful

Question 5

Describe Authoritative parents

Answer 5

Highly demanding of their children and highly responsive to them. They are unlikely to physically discipline their children and will often explain the reasons behind the rules they have laid out for them.

Question 6

Describe authoritarian parents

Answer 6

Highly demanding of their children, inflexible about deviations from expected behaviour, and less responsive to their children’s needs. They tend to discipline using threats and punishment and are. I likely use physical discipline.

Question 7

Describe permissive parents

Answer 7

Place very few demands on their children but they a highly responsive. They believe children learn best on their own without structure imposed on them by adults.

Question 8

Describe rejecting neglectful parent

Answer 8

Disengaged form their children and are neither demanding nor responsive to them. They do not set limits for their children, do not monitor their activities, and may actively discourage them.

Question 9

Which parenting style has the highest level of interaction in both demanding and responsiveness?

Answer 9

Authoritative

Question 10

Children of permissive parents often…..

Answer 10

Have difficulty with controlling impulses and acting responsibly. High self confidence but do not perform well on school. May react more intensely than other children do in conflict situations.

Question 11

Children of rejecting-neglectful parents …..

Answer 11

Have lower perceptions of themselves and are less competent. They may be anti social and lack self regulation and are prone to substance abuse. More likely to internalize their problems, leading to depression and social difficulties, etc.

Question 12

Children of Authoritative parents tend to be…

Answer 12

Socially competent, be self confident, and have the best overall outcomes, they often do well in school, feel good about themselves, and report feeling supported by their parents. They have better self regulation and are quicker to adapt to new situations.

Question 13

Children of Authoritarian parents may….

Answer 13

Be unhappy and lack social competence. They conform well to standards and expectations of adults but lack self confidence. The may be j sure of themselves in social situations and look for guidance of authority figures when faced with moral issues. The use of physical discipline is associated with anxiety and increased aggressive behaviour in children.

Question 14

What is imprinting?

Answer 14

A rapid form of learning, typically occurring in a restricted time window after birth that allows an animal to recognize another animal, person or this as an object to be emulated and followed.

Question 15

Describe Attachment

Answer 15

Social and emotional bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space.

Question 16

Name the four stages of attachment

Answer 16

1- Pre attachment phase (birth to 6 weeks of age)
2- attachment in the making (6 weeks to 8months of age)
3- clear cut attachment (6-8 months) (parents are secure base)
4- reciprocal phase (18-24 months)

Question 17

What is contact comfort?

Answer 17

The contact that primate babies derive from close physical contact with something soft and warm.

Question 18

Describe secure attachment

Answer 18

Infants with secure attachment react positively to stranger while caregiver is present but become unhappy when caregiver leaves. They are unlikely to be comforted by the stranger in the caregivers absence but become calm when the caregiver returns.
-freely exploring while using caregiver as a base.

Question 19

Describe insecure resistant attachment.

Answer 19

Infants are uncomfortable in the strange situation. They stay close to caregiver from the start of the test, appearing nervous throughout. They are upset when the caregiver leaves but are not comforted when he or she returns. They seek contact and comfort upon caregivers return, crying and struggling agains being held. They do not resume play but stay close to the caregiver.

Question 20

Describe disorganized/disoriented attachment

Answer 20

Do not react in any standard way. Their behaviour is often contradictory; they may scream when caliber is gone but silently avoid him or her when they return, or approach the caregiver without looking at him or her. They appear to want to approach the caregiver but also fearing the caregivers reactions.

Question 21

Describe insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 21

Infants to don have a solid or positive relationship with their caregiver. Either lay no attention to or avoid the caregiver all together. They may not be upset when caregiver is gone but if upset are easily comforted by the stranger. Unlikely to respond positively to the caregiver’s return and may avoid him him or her entirely.

Question 22

What is an infants individual pattern of behaviours am emotional reactions called?

Answer 22

Temperament

Question 23

Name four different types of temperament

Answer 23

The easy baby
The difficult baby
The slow to warm up baby
No strong pattern

Question 24

Know the differences between gender identify, gender roles, and gender stereo types.

Answer 24

… You got this ! GNDS 125

Question 25

What are Visuospatial tasks?

Answer 25

Tasks used to visually perceive objects and the spatial relationships amount objects, such as patterns in closed or open spaces.

Question 26

Define what emotions are

Answer 26

Relatively brief displays of feelings made in espouse to environmental events having motivational significance, or I response to memories of such events. Emotions include psychological, cognitive and behavioural responses.

Question 27

War does the Discrete Emotions Theory propose?

Answer 27

Proposes that only a few distinct emotions are biologically based. Since we all biologically have the same set of emotions, we tend to react in similar ways.

Question 28

What is the criteria to determine what constitutes our basic emotions are? (5 criteria)

Answer 28

1. Basic emotions should be universal
2. They must facilitate a functional response to a specific, prototypical life event.
3. They should be evident in early life
4. There should be an innate way of expressing the basic emotion (through face or voice, observed across cultures).
5. Each basic emotion should have its own physiological basis

Question 29

What is Emotional self-regulation?

Answer 29

A process that involves the initiation, suppression, or modulation of the four components of emotion: feelings, psychological states, goals and thoughts.

Question 30

What are the four components of emotion?

Answer 30

Feelings
Psychological states
Goals
Thoughts

Question 31

Define effortful control

Answer 31

The ability to regulate ones responses to external stimuli; it is the ability to inhibit and automatic response and substitute a planned or intentional response.

Question 32

What is the tendency to choose to associate with those who as similar to us called?

Answer 32

Homophily

Question 33

Name five qualities that researchers found to be important for friendship.

Answer 33

1. Common ground activity
2. Clear communication
3. Exchange of information
4. Ability to become a friend
5. Reciprocity in interactions

Question 34

Define separation anxiety

Answer 34

A set of fearful responses such as crying arousal and clinging to the caregiver that the infant exhibits when the caregiver attempts to leave.