Week 2 Quiz material (Futato Ch 21,24) Participles, Volitives Flashcards
What are Hebrew participles, and how can they function?
- verbal adjectives
- active ptc are often translated using “ing” to indicate an ongoing/continuous activity
- non-finite verbs - marked for gender and number, but NOT for person
- function attributively, predicatively, and substantively
- can also take pronoun suffixes, which are usually the object of the verb
What is true of the first vowel of a participle?
It will be either holem or holem-vav.
When translating Hebrew participles, what do we need to keep in mind?
- active ptc are often translated using “ing” to indicate an ongoing/continuous activity
- they do not indicate a tense, so context decides whether past, present, or future
What afformatives are associated with participles in the MS, MP, FS, FP?
When does the FS ptc have the qamets-he afformative (instead of the segol-tav)?
When dealing with the FS of a III-He, Hollow, or passive ptc.
What is true of a participle used attributively?
- Participle will come after the noun in the sentence
- will agree with the noun in #, gender, and definiteness
- in translation to English could be
* “[ptc]-ing [noun] - the ruling family
* “[noun] that/who [ptc]” - the family who rules
What is true of a participle used predicatively?
- Participle can be before/after the noun in the sentence (usually follows the noun)
- will agree with the noun in #, gender, BUT NOT necessarily in definiteness - predicative participles NEVER take the definite article
- in translation to English, usually would be either
* “[noun] [ptc] - the king asks
* “[noun] is/are [ptc]-ing” - the king is asking
What is true of a participle used substantively?
- Participle is used as a noun
- the number, gender, and definiteness tell how to translate it as a noun, but there is NO NOUN immediately preceeding/following that the ptc agrees with
- in translation to English, usually would be either
* “one(s) who [ptc] - the one who asks
* “[ptc]-er” - the asker
How can we determine if a participle is attributive, predicative, or substantive?
Attributive: ptc **agrees in #, gender, and definiteness **with neighboring noun and follows that noun.
Predicative: ptc must agree in # & gender, but ptc is always indefinite; it usually follows the noun
Substantive: ptc is by itself (no noun before/after - it functions as a noun)
Context required: if the ptc is after a verb and indefinite
Parse and translate:
this is a definite Qal MS ptc
(of a III-He weak verb)
“the one who sees” or “the seer”
What are the strong Qal verb vowel pointings of participles
in the MS, FS, MP, FP?
tsere often shortens to a sheva when ending is added
What are the significant irregular cases for the Qal active participle?
III-He
Hollow verbs
What are the III-He differences from the strong verb participles?
MS has segol, not tsere
FS has qamets-he ending, not segol-tav
MP/FP both drop III-He before adding appropriate plural ending
How do hollow verbs vary from strong verbs in the Qal Active Participle?
When a hollow verb is in participle form, what steps have taken place?
- the II-Yod or II-Vav drops
- takes a qamets for the first vowel
- if FS, ending is qamets-he (NOT segol-tav)
What are other valuable things to remember when participles contain gutterals?
- Gutterals prefer composite shevas, so a II-Gut will have khatef-patakh, never a sheva
- Gutterals prefer to end in a-sounds; ex: a final ayin appearing with the furtive patakh
- Alef’s can quiesce (vowel disappears), causing the previous sheva to lengthen to tsere:
Translate:
about to
(when this particle is used with a participle)
How does Hebrew express an action will take place soon (immanent future)?
It uses the particle “hinney”
Translate the following:
I am about to walk
What is the use of an attributive participle with the definite article equivalent to?
the use of a pf or impf with the relative pronoun “asher” - אֲשֶׁר
Translate:
the king who is sitting
the sitting king
Translate:
the king is sitting
Translate:
the inhabitants of the city
Translate:
we are eating
Translate:
we are about to eat
Translate:
the slaves are building
Translate:
the slaves who are building
Translate:
the mother is weeping
Translate:
the mother is going out
Translate:
the judge of the wicked men
Translate:
obey
Translate:
I knew the men who were obeying the word of the Lord
What are volitives?
What are the three volitives?
verb forms that express the will of the speaker
(what someone wants to happen)
They exist in all three persons:
1st-person - Cohortative “Let me/us listen!”
2nd-person - Imperative “Listen!”
3rd-person - Jussive “Let him/her/them listen!”
How is the cohortative verb formed?
Formed by adding qamets-he afformative
to the imperfect form of a strong verb.
III-He weak verbs are identical to the imperfect:
What is the difference in the following translations?
- I will write
- Let me write
(#2 has the qamets-he ending on the impf, so it is cohortative)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- We will write
- Let us write
(#2 has the qamets-he ending on the impf, so it is cohortative)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- you(ms) will trust
- Trust!
(#2 has preformative removed from the impf, so it is imperative)
note that the impf had patakh as its theme vowel, so impv did too
How is the imperative verb formed?
Formed by removing the preformative from the 2nd-person imperfect (and applying the “rule of sheva” with the FS & MP)
Notes:
* if the impf has patakh as theme vowel, so does the impv
* works both for strong and for most weak imperatives
Translate:
Go!
Walk!
you(ms) form
root follows the I-Yod(vav) paradigm, behaving like yod-shin-vet
Translate:
Give!
you(ms) form
root follows the I-Yod(vav) paradigm, behaving like yod-shin-vet
Translate:
Stand!
2ms
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2fs
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2mp
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Stand!
2fp
impv I-Gut
Translate:
Fall!
2ms
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2fs
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2mp
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Fall!
2fp
impv I-Nun
Translate:
Dwell!
2ms
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2fs
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2mp
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Dwell!
2fp
impv I-Yod(vav)
Translate:
Go away!
2ms
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2fs
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2mp
impv III-He
Translate:
Go away!
2fp
impv III-He
How are imperatives negated?
They are not!!!
Instead, the imperfect gets used with either:
What tells me that the Hebrew is for sure a command?
אַל is only used with volitives!
When you see it, think “Do not…”
What is true of strong and most weak
Qal jussives?
(Exceptions: III-He and hollow verbs)
- appear identical to the imperfect form
- Must use context to decide whether jus or impf
- If jussive, translate as: “May…” or as “Let him/her/them…”
Translate:
not
(used only with cohortative and jussive)
Note it begins with alef; if begins with ayin, it means “on” or “upon”
Translate the following:
Negation with imperfect verb
Translate the following as a jussive:
the first Hebrew word, “yish-me-u” is translated as a jussive: “let (them) hear”
What happens to III-He verbs in the jussive form?
The III-He goes away
(as it does when adding an afformative, or adding vav to the beginning, as in WCIs)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- He will reveal/remove
- Let him reveal/remove
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- She will reveal/remove
- Let her reveal/remove
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
In what forms of the jussive is a III-He verb different than the imperfect form?
Only the singular forms (ms, fs) lose the III-He and end up differing from the imperfect form of the verb.
In what forms of the jussive do hollow verbs collapse?
Only the singular forms
MS/FS
What is the difference in the following translations?
- he will cry
- Let him cry!
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
What is the difference in the following translations?
- he will go up
- Let him go up!
(in #2 the III-He has dropped, and the word is in the 3rd-person, so it is a III-He jussive)
