Ch 8 Futato - The Noun: Vowel Changes

Question 1

What do qamets (ָ ) and tsere (ֵ ) tend to do when an ending is added to a word?

Answer 1

They shorten to sheva (ְ )

Question 2

If an ending is added to a word and the consonant above a preceding tsere or qamets is a gutteral, what does it shorten to?

Answer 2

A composite sheva, usually
khatef-patakh (ֲ )
(instead of just sheva)

Question 3

When a singular noun ends in ה- and an ending is added, what happens?

Answer 3

ה- either drops or
changes to tav, ת-

Question 4

What may happen to the tav at the end of some feminine singular nouns when plural ending is added?

Answer 4

The ending tav may or may not drop before the holem-vav tav is added.

Question 5

What are the key features of segolate nouns?

Answer 5

1. have 2 syllables
2. stress is on 2nd-to-last syllable
3. different 2nd and 3rd radicals

segolate notes

Question 6

When adding plural endings to segolates, what usually happens?

Answer 6

first vowel turns to a sheva
second vowel turns to a qamets

Question 7

If I see a plural word that has the beginning vowels sheva then qamets, how do I try to determine the root word?

Answer 7

Drop the ending, then try replacing those first two vowels both with segols or with a segol and something else, and see if that gives you a familiar word for the root.

segolate notes

Question 8

What rules for dealing with gutterals can help us with segolates?

Answer 8

1. Gutterals love a-class vowels
2. Gutterals prefer composite shevas over shevas

Question 9

What two kinds of vowels will NOT reduce to sheva?

Answer 9

long vowels
vowels in closed syllables

Question 10

What do we call an accented syllable?

Answer 10

tonic

Question 11

What do we call a syllable that is right before the accented one?

Answer 11

pretonic

Question 12

What do we call a syllable 2 syllables before the accented one?

Answer 12

propretonic

(because like a prologue, it comes before, and “pre” is already used!)

Question 13

What can adding a suffix do to a word?

Answer 13

cause changes in its vowels (and possibly change an ending he or tav)

Question 14

According to Futato, when might an expected segol be a patakh?

Answer 14

When the following consonant is a gutteral

1st patakh before ayin (red), 2nd patakh before resh (purple), so no double segol, yet segolate

Question 15

Define the following:
Tonic syllable

Answer 15

accented syllable
example:

Question 16

Define the following:
pretonic syllable

Answer 16

syllable preceding the accented syllable
example:

Question 17

Define the following:
propretonic syllable

Answer 17

Found 2 syllables before the accented syllable.
Example:

Question 18

Define the following:
segolate nouns

Answer 18