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BACT211 (LECTURE) > WEEK 2 (part II): BACTERIAL GROWTH, NUTRITION, METABOLISM, AND GENETICS > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (part II): BACTERIAL GROWTH, NUTRITION, METABOLISM, AND GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

energy source: light
carbon source: CO2

A

Photoautotroph

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2
Q

energy source: light
carbon source: organic compounds

A

Photoheterotroph

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3
Q

energy source: chemical
carbon source: CO2

A

Chemoautotroph

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4
Q

energy source: chemical
carbon source: organic compounds

A

Chemoheterotroph

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5
Q

Psychrophiles/Cryophiles

A

0°C to 20 °C

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6
Q

Mesophiles

A

20°C to 45 °C

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7
Q

Thermophiles

A

50°C to 60 °C

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8
Q

Requires oxygen for growth

A

Obligate aerobes

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9
Q

Can grow either with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

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10
Q

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

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11
Q

Can survive in the presence of oxygen but
do not use oxygen for metabolism

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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12
Q

Requires a reduced level of oxygen for growth

A

Microaerophiles

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13
Q

do not require high salt concentration but
grows in 2% to 15% salt concentration.

A

Facultative halophiles

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13
Q

Requires extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)

A

Capnophiles

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14
Q

requires high salt concentrations or hypertonic environments (30% salt).

A

Obligate halophiles

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15
Q

little or no cell division; intense metabolic
activity

A

Lag Phase

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15
Q

AKA “Exponential growth phase”; cell
begins to divide; active cellular
reproduction with constant minimum
generation time; cells are at their most
active state

A

Log (Logarithmic) Phase

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16
Q

Time required for one cell to divide into two
cells

A

Generation Time (Doubling time)

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16
Q

the density (cloudiness or turbidity) of
bacterial culture in log phase can be
correlated to CFU/ml of the culture.
Method used in AST.

A

Density measurement

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17
Q

used to estimate the number of bacteria.

A

Direct counting under the microscope

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17
Q

growth rate slows down (# of new cells = #
of microbial deaths = population stabilizes)
period of equilibrium

A

Stationary Phase

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18
Q

growing dilution of colony-forming units per
milliliter(CFU/ml)

A

Direct plate count

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18
Q

logarithmic decline; number of deaths
exceeds the number of new cells formed

A

Death Phase

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19
Q

used the phenotypic markers for the identification of bacteria

A

Metabolic differences

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19
Q

Two mechanisms of Carbohydrate utilization

A

Fermentation and Respiration

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20
Q

obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes
➢ Aerobic process of energy production
➢ ATP-generating process; glucose is
completely broken down

A

Respiration (oxidation)

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21
Q

➢ Anaerobic process of energy generation
➢ The end products are mixtures of lactate,
butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin

A

Fermentation

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22
Q

➢ Major pathway in conversion of glucose to
pyruvate
➢ Anaerobic; does not require oxygen
➢ Used by many bacteria, including
members of Enterobacteriaceae
➢ End-product: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP Glycolytic
Pathway)

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22
Q

➢ Used by heterolactic fermenting bacteria
like Lactobacilli and Brucella abortus, which lacks some of the enzymes required in EMP pathway.
➢ Provides pentoses for nucleotide synthesis
➢ While it does involve oxidation of glucose,
its primary role is anabolic rather than
catabolic.

A

Pentose Phosphate pathway

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23
Q

➢ Converts glucose-6-phosphate (rather than
glucose) to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde
phosphate
➢ Aerobic process used by Pseudomonas,
Alcaligenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria lacking certain glycolytic enzyme
➢ End-product: glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate
and pyruvic acid

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

24
Q

Aerobic Pathways

A

Aerobic Utilization of Pyruvate (oxidation)

24
Q

allowing complete oxidation of pyruvate

A

Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle)

25
Q

generate energy in the form of ATP *This cycle results in the production of acid and the evolution of carbon dioxide.

A

Electron Transport Chain

25
Q

eukaryote: cytoplasm
prokaryote: cytoplasm

A

Glycolysis

26
Q

eukaryote: mitochondrial matrix
prokaryote: cytoplasm

A

Krebs Cycle

27
Q

eukaryote: mitochondrial inner membrane
prokaryote: plasma membrane

A

ETC

28
Q

This results to results to acid production resulting to color change

A

Sugar Fermentation

28
Q

➢ Determine the ability of an organism to use
sodium citrate, malonate or acetate as the
sole source of carbon
➢ Indicator: Bromthymol blue

A

Citrate, Malonate, or Acetate Utilization

29
Q

➢ Determines the end products of glucose
fermentation
➢ First pathway produces mixed acid (MR
becomes red)
➢ Second pathway produces acetoin (VP
becomes pink-red)

A

MR-VP (Clark and Lubs medium)

29
Q

Yeasts → ethanol

A

Alcohol fermentation

30
Q

Streptococcus and Lactobacillus → lactic
acid

A

Homolactic fermentation

31
Q

Lactobacillus → mixed acids (lactic, formic
and acetic acid; alcohols)

A

Heterolactic fermentation

31
Q

Propionibacterium acnes → propionic acid

A

Propionic acid fermentation

32
Q

Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella →
mixed acids (lactic, acetic, succinic and
formic acids)

A

Mixed acid fermentation

32
Q

Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia →
acetoin and 2,3-butanediol

A

Butanediol fermentation

33
Q

Clostridium spp., Fusobacterium, and Eubacterium → butyric acid, acetic acid, etc.

A

Butyric acid fermentation

33
Q

A pairs with?

A

T

34
Q

___ pairs with C

A

G

34
Q

A DNA sequence that carry hereditary information that encodes for a specific product (peptide/ RNA)

A

Gene

35
Q

Duplication of chromosomal DNA for
insertion into a daughter cell

A

Replication

35
Q

all genes taken together within an organism. (e.g. 103 – 106 )
➢ i. Chromosome
➢ ii. Extrachromosomal elements

A

Genome

36
Q

Contains all genes essential for growth and replication

A

Chromosome

36
Q

encodes products that are determinants of
antimicrobial resistance

A

Plasmids

37
Q

simplest mobile piece of DNA

A

IS (insertion sequence)

37
Q

mobile elements that contain additional
genes

A

Transposons

38
Q

is the synthesis of single stranded RNA (w/
the aid of the enzyme RNA polymerase)
using one strand of the DNA as the
template

A

Transcription

39
Q

code consists of triplets of nucleotide bases.

A

Codons

39
Q

triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases on the mRNA. It identifies w/c amino acid will be in a specific location in the protein

A

Anticodon

40
Q

➢ synthesis of specific protein
➢ conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids
➢ the number and sequence of amino acids
in a polypeptide & thus the character of particular protein are determined by sequence of codons in the mRNA molecule.

A

Translation

40
Q

Method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous regions on 2 DNA molecules

A

Genetic Recombination

40
Q

Insertion or deletion of one or more
nucleotide pairs.

A

Frameshift mutation

41
Q

Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes.

A

Mutations

41
Q

Change in one base

A

Base Substitution (Point mutation)

42
Q

Two courses of Transduction

A

Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle

43
Q

Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA
into a bacterial cell

A

Transformation

43
Q

able to take up free DNA.
➢ H. influenzae
➢ S. pneumoniae
➢ N. gonorrhoeae

A

Competent

43
Q

phage DNA incorp. to bact. genes; phage DNA expressed in site; lysis ensues at later time

A

Lysogenic Cycle

43
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes by a
bacteriophage

A

Transduction

43
Q

replication of bact. chrom. disrupted; phage particles formed; cell lysed and phage
released

A

Lytic Cycle

43
Q

➢ Mobilization of donor bacterium’s Plasmid
➢ Plasmid is replicated

A

Plasmid Transfer

43
Q

➢ Due to cell-to-cell contact- sex pilus
➢ Mobilization of donor bacterium’s
chromosome
➢ Both plasmids and chromosomal genes can be transferred by this method

A

Conjugation: Donor to recipient strain

43
Q

produced by bacteria to cut incoming foreign DNA to prevent incorporation into their genome

A

Restriction Enzymes

43
Q

be incorporated into chromosome of
plasmids. “Jumping genes”

A

Transposon Transfer

BACT211 (LECTURE) (18 decks)

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