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BACT211 (LECTURE) > WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by an unaided eye

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

made the earliest microscopic observations between 1625 and 1630 on bees and weevils by the using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo.

A

Francesco Stelluti

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3
Q
  • (1632-1723)-Dutch
  • First to described and observe microorganisms accurately.
  • Observed these “animalcules” from rain water samples, his own feces and scrapings from his teeth.
  • First true microbiologist
A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q
  • Theory of development of some living forms from non-living matter.
  • A “vital force” forms life.
A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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5
Q
  • The theory of development of living forms from another living things.
A

BIOGENESIS

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6
Q
  • Animals could originate from soil.
  • Simpler invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
A

Aristotle

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7
Q
  • Demonstrate that maggots do not arise from decaying meat
  • Experiment
  • Jars of Meat with Fine Lace
A

Francisco Redi

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8
Q
  • Experiments on spontaneous
    generation.
  • Nutrient broth boiled without cover, then tightly stoppered the flasks
  • Organic matter contained “vital force”
A

John Needham

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9
Q
  • theorized that microorganisms from the air
    entered the solution: broth poured in sealed containers heated (-) for microorganisms;

Needham responded by claiming that “vital forces” for spontaneous generation was kept out by the seal.

A

Lazarro Spallanzani

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10
Q
  • Proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858- a German scientist challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis i.e. living cells arise from pre-existing living cells
  • The theory of development of living forms from another living things.
A

Biogenesis

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11
Q

Who proposed BIOGENESIS?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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12
Q
  • He observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through the heated tube.
  • Stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugar to alcohol.
A

Theodor Schwann

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13
Q
  • Firmly Disprove the spontaneous generation doctrine (1861) and resolved all arguments.
  • Demonstrated through experimentation that
    microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions BUT that air itself does not create microbes. These findings became the basis of ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES.
A

Louis Pasteur

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14
Q

He is also known as the Father of Bacteriology.

A

Louis Pasteur

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15
Q

Process which prevented wine from turning sour.

Wine was heated at a
temperature which will kill
microorganisms responsible for the sour taste

A

FERMENTATION

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16
Q

Responsible for fermentation

A

YEAST

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17
Q

Process which involved milk

A

PASTEURIZATION

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18
Q
  • He showed that dusts carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth
  • Proposed the use of moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores now known as Tyndallization.
A

John Tyndall

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19
Q

British physician, found away to protect people from smallpox. The process was called vaccination. The term was given by Pasteur to honor his work.

A

Edward Jenner

20
Q

Demonstrated that routine hand washing can prevent
the spread of disease

A

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

21
Q

use phenol as antiseptic on wound infection; Father
of Antiseptic Surgery.

A

JOSEPH LISTER

22
Q
  • Formulated a criteria that provided proof that a specific organism can cause a disease (1876).
  • First to show proof that bacteria actually causes disease (isolation of Bacillus anthracis cultures in infected and inoculated cows)
A

Robert Koch

23
Q

In 1882, Koch isolated ______________ tuberculosis a.k.a Koch’s bacilli

A

MYCOBACTERIUM

24
Q

constructed a porcelain bacterial
filter. The first viral pathogen to be
studied was the tobacco mosaic
disease virus.

A

Charles Chamberland

25
Q

Suggested use of agar as a solidifying agent
in culture media.

A

Walther Hesse & Fannie Eilshemius

26
Q

developed the petri dish (plate)-made possible isolation of pure cultures, and directly stimulated progress in all areas of bacteriology.

A

Julius Richard Petri

27
Q

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective
media

A

Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei
Winogradsky

28
Q
  • Identification of lice as the
    transmitter of epidemic typhus
  • Rickettsia prowazekii
A

Charles Jules Henry
Nicolle

29
Q
  • Search for substances that can destroy
    pathogenic organisms - “magic bullet”
  • 1910 – develops chemotherapeutic agent Salvarsan (arsphenamine) (arsenic derivative) to combat syphilis.
A

Paul Ehrlich

30
Q

discovery of the first commercially available
antibiotic Sulfonamidochrysiodine (marketed under the brand name Prontosil) effective against bacterial infections.

A

Gerhard Domagk

31
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Flemming

32
Q
  • Discovered Streptomycin which is
    the first Antibiotic against TB.
  • Derived from Streptomyces.
A

Selman Waksman

33
Q

What is the study of algae?

A

PHYCOLOGY

34
Q

simple aquatic organisms ranging from
single cell forms to large sea weeds

A

Algae

35
Q

simplest, single celled prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria

36
Q

discovered a bacteria large enough (0.2mm) to be seen with the naked eye. It was named Thiomargarita namibiensis

A

HEIDE SCHULZ

37
Q

an iron-oxide consuming bacteria named ___________ __________ was discovered on a rusticle from the RMS Titanic

A

Halomonas titanicae

38
Q

Fundamental principles and techniques involved in the study of pathogenic organisms as well as their application in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

A

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY

39
Q
  • Study of fungi
  • includes medical, agricultural and ecological branches; rising rates of infections (10% hospital-acquired infections); climatic and environmental changes (global warming) has been accounted for the rise in some fungal
    infections.
A

MYCOLOGY

40
Q

microscopic eukaryotic forms
(molds and yeast)

A

FUNGI

41
Q

study of mostly single celled, eukaryotic microbes.
Ex. Entamoeba histolytica; Trichomonas
vaginalis

A

PROTOZOOLOGY

42
Q

Study of Viruses

A

VIROLOGY

43
Q

study of viruses.

A

VIROLOGY

44
Q
  • Study of parasitism and parasites
  • Parasites includes protozoa and
    helminths.
A

PARASITOLOGY

45
Q
A

BACT211 (LECTURE) (18 decks)

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