WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
The study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by an unaided eye
MICROBIOLOGY
made the earliest microscopic observations between 1625 and 1630 on bees and weevils by the using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo.
Francesco Stelluti
- (1632-1723)-Dutch
- First to described and observe microorganisms accurately.
- Observed these “animalcules” from rain water samples, his own feces and scrapings from his teeth.
- First true microbiologist
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- Theory of development of some living forms from non-living matter.
- A “vital force” forms life.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
- The theory of development of living forms from another living things.
BIOGENESIS
- Animals could originate from soil.
- Simpler invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation
Aristotle
- Demonstrate that maggots do not arise from decaying meat
- Experiment
- Jars of Meat with Fine Lace
Francisco Redi
- Experiments on spontaneous
generation. - Nutrient broth boiled without cover, then tightly stoppered the flasks
- Organic matter contained “vital force”
John Needham
- theorized that microorganisms from the air
entered the solution: broth poured in sealed containers heated (-) for microorganisms;
Needham responded by claiming that “vital forces” for spontaneous generation was kept out by the seal.
Lazarro Spallanzani
- Proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858- a German scientist challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis i.e. living cells arise from pre-existing living cells
- The theory of development of living forms from another living things.
Biogenesis
Who proposed BIOGENESIS?
Rudolf Virchow
- He observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through the heated tube.
- Stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugar to alcohol.
Theodor Schwann
- Firmly Disprove the spontaneous generation doctrine (1861) and resolved all arguments.
- Demonstrated through experimentation that
microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions BUT that air itself does not create microbes. These findings became the basis of ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES.
Louis Pasteur
He is also known as the Father of Bacteriology.
Louis Pasteur
Process which prevented wine from turning sour.
Wine was heated at a
temperature which will kill
microorganisms responsible for the sour taste
FERMENTATION
Responsible for fermentation
YEAST
Process which involved milk
PASTEURIZATION
- He showed that dusts carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth
- Proposed the use of moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores now known as Tyndallization.
John Tyndall
British physician, found away to protect people from smallpox. The process was called vaccination. The term was given by Pasteur to honor his work.
Edward Jenner
Demonstrated that routine hand washing can prevent
the spread of disease
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS
use phenol as antiseptic on wound infection; Father
of Antiseptic Surgery.
JOSEPH LISTER
- Formulated a criteria that provided proof that a specific organism can cause a disease (1876).
- First to show proof that bacteria actually causes disease (isolation of Bacillus anthracis cultures in infected and inoculated cows)
Robert Koch
In 1882, Koch isolated ______________ tuberculosis a.k.a Koch’s bacilli
MYCOBACTERIUM
constructed a porcelain bacterial
filter. The first viral pathogen to be
studied was the tobacco mosaic
disease virus.
Charles Chamberland
Suggested use of agar as a solidifying agent
in culture media.
Walther Hesse & Fannie Eilshemius
developed the petri dish (plate)-made possible isolation of pure cultures, and directly stimulated progress in all areas of bacteriology.
Julius Richard Petri
developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective
media
Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei
Winogradsky
- Identification of lice as the
transmitter of epidemic typhus - Rickettsia prowazekii
Charles Jules Henry
Nicolle
- Search for substances that can destroy
pathogenic organisms - “magic bullet” - 1910 – develops chemotherapeutic agent Salvarsan (arsphenamine) (arsenic derivative) to combat syphilis.
Paul Ehrlich
discovery of the first commercially available
antibiotic Sulfonamidochrysiodine (marketed under the brand name Prontosil) effective against bacterial infections.
Gerhard Domagk
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Flemming
- Discovered Streptomycin which is
the first Antibiotic against TB. - Derived from Streptomyces.
Selman Waksman
What is the study of algae?
PHYCOLOGY
simple aquatic organisms ranging from
single cell forms to large sea weeds
Algae
simplest, single celled prokaryotic organisms
Bacteria
discovered a bacteria large enough (0.2mm) to be seen with the naked eye. It was named Thiomargarita namibiensis
HEIDE SCHULZ
an iron-oxide consuming bacteria named ___________ __________ was discovered on a rusticle from the RMS Titanic
Halomonas titanicae
Fundamental principles and techniques involved in the study of pathogenic organisms as well as their application in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY
- Study of fungi
- includes medical, agricultural and ecological branches; rising rates of infections (10% hospital-acquired infections); climatic and environmental changes (global warming) has been accounted for the rise in some fungal
infections.
MYCOLOGY
microscopic eukaryotic forms
(molds and yeast)
FUNGI
study of mostly single celled, eukaryotic microbes.
Ex. Entamoeba histolytica; Trichomonas
vaginalis
PROTOZOOLOGY
Study of Viruses
VIROLOGY
study of viruses.
VIROLOGY
- Study of parasitism and parasites
- Parasites includes protozoa and
helminths.
PARASITOLOGY
