Week 2 Notes

Question 1

What are the routes of administration of anesthetic agents?

Answer 1

inhalant, injection, oral or topical

Question 2

What are the time periods that anesthetic agents are classified by?

Answer 2

preanesthetic, induction, maintenance

Question 3

what are the principle effects that anesthetic agents are classified by?

Answer 3

local anesthesia, general anesthesia, sedatives and tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, neuromuscular blockers, anticholinergics, reversal agents

Question 4

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 4

the effect the body has on a drug

Question 5

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 5

the effects the drug has on the body

Question 6

Anesthetic agents are used to ?

Answer 6

induce a loss of sensation with or without consciousness

Question 7

Anticholinergics effects on the CNS, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular?

Answer 7

CNS: limited effect, glycopyrrolate does not cross the blood brain barrier
Respiratory: thickening of respiratory and salivary secretions, causes bronchodilation (hypoxemia risk),
Cardio: prevents bradycardia by increasing heart rate, causes arrhythmias

Question 8

What are the three classes of tranquilizers?

Answer 8

phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, and alpha 2 agonists

Question 9

What are the effects of phenothiazines on the CNS, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems?

Answer 9

CNS: decreases anxiety, calming sedation, no analgesia, reduces seizure threshold, may induce excitement.
Respiratory: noes not cause respiratory depression,
Cardio: peripheral vasodilation, hypotension, increased heart rate, increased heat loss, antiarrythmic,

Question 10

What are the effects of benzodiazepines on the CNS, respiratory, and cardio?

Answer 10

CNS: antianxiety, anticonvulsant, calming, do not cause sedation
cardio and respiratory: few effects, high margin of safety, HR, BP, and CO minimally affected useful for high risk anesthetic patients

Question 11

What are the effects of alpha 2 agonists on the CNS, respiratory and cardio?

Answer 11

CNS: potent sedatives, provide short lived analgesia, temporary change in behavior, muscle tremors (horses), lying down (cows)
Respiratory: depresses respiratory system, high doses can decrease tidal volume
Cardio: more pronounced when given IV, decrease in CO, hypotension, profound cardiac depression, HR, BP decrease,

Question 12

What are some adverse effects of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 12

increased urination, GI (gaseous distention), premature parturition (cattle), sweating (horses), seizures and death (horses), absorption through skin abrasions (humans)

Question 13

What are the effects of opioids on the CNS, respiratory, and cardio?

Answer 13

CNS: depression or excitement?, analgesic, anxiety, disorientation, dysphoria, increased motor activity(horses)
Respiratory: some dogs pant after given opioids, minimal in the absence of preexisting CNS depression, high does increase CO2 levels and decrease blood oxygen levels
Cardio: bradycardia, pronounced when combined with alpha 2 agonist, increased vagal tone

Question 14

What is a neuroleptanalgesic?

Answer 14

a mixture of an opioid and a tranquilizer

Question 15

What are the commonly used opioids?

Answer 15

morphine, buprenorphine, butorphanol, hydromorphone

Question 16

What are the common tranquilizers used?

Answer 16

acepromazine, diazepam, midazolam, xylazine, dexmedetomidine

Question 17

what are the effects of propofol on the CNS, respiratory, and cardio?

Answer 17

CNS: dose dependent CNS depression, sedation, general anesthesia, not an analgesic, transient excitement, muscle tremors, nystagmus
Respiratory: potential respiratory depression, high doses may cause apnea,
Cardio: bradycardia, decreased CO and vascular resistance, transient hypotension,

Question 18

What are the effects of dissociatives on the CNS, respiratory and cardio?

Answer 18

CNS: cataleptoid state, muscle rigidity, intact reflexes, ocular effects, normal or increased muscle tone, analgesia, visceral analgesia, patient may perceive pain, amnesia, sensitive to sensory stimuli, seizure like activity,
Cardio: increases HR and CO, mean arterial blood pressure, decreased inotropy, increased risk of heart arrhythmias
Respiratory: RR and TV change, respiratory depression is insignificant except at higher doses causes apneustic respiration,

Question 19

What are the effects of inhalants on CNS, cardio, and respiratory?

Answer 19

CNS: dose related, reversible CNS depression, depression of the thermoregulating center, increases intracranial pressure,
Cardio: depresses cardio function, vasodilation, decreased CO and BP
Respiratory: dose dependent, decreases TV and RR

Question 20

What effect does isoflurane have on cardio and respiratory?

Answer 20

Cardio: maintains CO, little effect on HR, causes vasodilation,
Respiratory: decreased RR,

Question 21

What effect does sevoflurane have on cardio and respiratory?

Answer 21

Cardio: myocardial depression, vasodilation,
Respiratory: apnea