VTNE questions Flashcards
The drug xylazine is best described as an?
analgesic and sedative
Detomidine is approved for use in?
horses
butorphanol is best described as a/an?
analgesic
diazepam is considered to be a good choice in patients when which body system is compromised?
cardiovascular
in the US, xylazine is not approved for?
cattle
Guaifenesin is most often used in horses and cattle to provide?
muscle relaxation
the combination of xylazine and butorphanol is used to?
provide greater analgesia and muscle relaxation that either drug can alone
which drug has the most potent sedative?
diazepam, acepromazine, xylazine or detomidine
detomidine
the combination drug telazol contains?
zolazepam and tiletamine
epidural techniques are used in many species, but the primary disadvantage in animals is?
movement of the patient
Which inhalant anesthetic drug is most likely to cause arrhythmias in dogs?
halothane
which drug is most likely to cause hypotension in normal doses?
diazepam, butorphanol, acepromazine, or flunixin meglumine
acepromazine
which inhalant anesthetic drug is biotransformed to the greatest extent in the animal body?
nitrous oxide
all of the following cross the placental barrier in significant amounts except?
acepromazine, diazepam, isoflurane, or neuromuscular blocking agents
neuromuscular blocking agents
which drug is not classified as a barbiturate?
phenobarbital, thiopental, pentobarbital or propofol
propofol
glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic with all of the following advantages except?
longer duration of action, crosses the placental barrier, less likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias or smaller dose volume
crosses the placental barrier
at normal doses, what effect does atropine have on the heart rate?
prevents a decrease
opioid drugs are used in anesthetic protocols primarily as?
analgesics
the advantages of xylazine over acepromazine is?
produces a short period of analgesia
routine use of atropine in horses should be avoided because it may?
cause colic
which drug should be avoided in the stallion because it may cause permanent prolapse of the penis?
acepromazine
which drug is a narcotic antagonist?
naloxone, atropine, pancuronium, or droperidol
naloxone
a 10% solution of thiopental sodium for anesthetic induction contains? mg/mL
100 mg/mL
depressant preanesthetic medication may have what effect on the anesthetic procedure?
prolonged recovery time
which drug is an antagonist of xylazine?
butorphanol, detomidine, yohimbine, or pentazocine
yohimbine
diazepam is used to produce?
muscle relaxation
epinephrine ?
increases the heart rate, decreases the HR, decreases the BP, should be used to reverse the effects of acepromazine
increases the HR
Use of nitrous oxide in anesthesia?
increases the amount of inhalation anesthetic required, decreases the amount of inhalant anesthetic required, slows the induction process, or has no effect on the time or amount if anesthetic required
decreases the amount of inhalant anesthetic required
a disadvantage of breathing 50% nitrous oxide is that it?
decreases the arterial PaO2
How many milligrams per milliliter dose a 2% lidocaine solution contain?
30
What volume of thiopental sodium should be given IV to 500 kg horse for induction of anesthesia? Dosage is 8mg/kg and you are using a 10% solution
40 mL
Apneustic breathing patterns are frequently seen in cats with use of?
Ketamine
Which of the following is not a good reason to use a preanesthetic?
Calms the patient, smoothes induction, or increases vagal activity
Increased Vaal activity
If 180 mL of a 5% solution of guaifenesin is administered to a 150 kg foal, how many mg/kg would be administered?
60
Caudal epidural administration of lidocaine in the dog is?
Useful to prevent movement, not to be used for c-sections or al excellent caudal analgesic
An excellent caudal analgesic
Mask inductions are?
Best used in dogs and cats with airway obstruction, best used in aggressive dogs and cats or more appropriately used in calm dogs and cats
More appropriately used in calm dogs and cats
Which of the following is not an effect associated with atropine administration?
Tachycardia, excess salivation, or mydriasis
Excessive salivation
The dosage of acepromazine is 0.1 mg/kg, and the maximum dose is 4 mg. how many mg would you administer to a 60 kg dog?
4
Halothane concentrations of 1% to 2% may produce any of the following except?
Hypotension, hypo ventilation, hypothermia or increased cardiac output
Increased cardiac output
The adverse effects of anesthetic compounds are?
Dose dependent
The most reliable sign of inadequate anesthetic depth is
Responsive movement
Propofol is a/an
Non barbiturate, IV anesthetic with hypotension potential
Acepromazine should be avoided in?
Patients with a history of seizures
In dogs, normal doses of opioids generally produce all of the following except?
Decreased HR, analgesia, or excitement
Excitement
When comparing inhalation anesthetics, you should use the MIC as a guideline in assessing ?
Potency of the agent
Which drug is a dissociative anesthetic?
Thiopental, ketamine, xylazine, or acepromazine
Ketamine
Which inhalant anesthetic is associated with the longest induction and recovery times?
Halothane
In rabbits, IV anesthetics should be injected into what vein?
Auricular
The oxygen flow rate necessary to prevent re breathing of exhaled gases with an Ayre’s T piece is?
Greater than 1.5 times the minute ventilation
A half full tank of nitrous oxide gas has a pressure of?
750 psi
When inflating lungs with the thoracic cavity open to the atmosphere, be sure that the pressure reached on the manometer is?
20 cm H2O
Precision vaporizers, such as those used for isoflurane, work correctly when placed?
Out of the circle
If the unidirectional valves are missing from an anesthetic machine is it okay to use the machine?
No
What does the oxygen flush valve do?
Allows oxygen to flow into the breathing system without going through the vaporizer
The advantages of a non breathing system, as compared with a circle breathing system, include all of the following except?
Reduce resistance to breathing, greater potential for hypothermia caused by high flows needed, no soda lime required
Greater potential for hypothermia caused by high flows needed
The minimum fresh gas flow in a semi closed system is correctly determined by?
Patients metabolic rate
All inhalant anesthetic machines should have?
An anesthetic waste gas system
Vaporizers may be classified according to all of the following except?
Method of vaporization, location in the anesthetic circuit, or type of breathing circuit with which they can be used
Type of breathing circuit with which they can be used
The volume of the re breathing bag on an anesthetic machine should be at least ?
3 times the patients tidal volume
Pulse oximetry monitoring devices give an estimate of?
Percentage of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen in arterial blood
If the re breathing bag is empty during anesthesia all of the following may be the cause except?
Oxygen flow too high, oxygen flow too low, or there may be a leak
Oxygen flow too high
Nitrous oxide cylinders are painted what color?
Blue
The appropriate volume of oxygen in an E cylinder is?
700 L
The approximate volume of oxygen in an H cylinder is?
7000 L
The pressure of gas that enters the flow meter of an inhalant anesthetic machine is?
50 to 60 psi
Activated charcoal devices absorb all inhalation agents except?
Nitrous oxide
When inflating a cuff on an ET tube, you should change to a larger diameter tube if the cuff inflation requires injection of more than what volume of air?
5 mL
Ideally the ET tube should be inserted so that?
It’s tip is midway between the thoracic inlet and the larynx
When ET tubing a horse, the animal should be placed in?
Lateral recumbency with its head, neck, and back extended
What animal is most likely to experience laryngospams during tubation?
Cat
The best method for determining the proper inflation of an ET tube cuff is?
Inject air while applying pressure from the reservoir bag until no air escapes around the tube
The preferred method for treating a cat with laryngospams is to?
Place a drop of topical anesthetic in the laryngeal area, wait a few minuets, and then intubate
In a Siamese cat, the ET tube should be removed?
As soon as the animal begins to swallow and cough
In a pug, the ET tube should be removed?
Only after the animal is fully conscious and able to maintain a free airway
What is the best technique to secure an ET tube to an animal?
It should be secured by gauze strips around the head in cats, and brachycephalic dogs and caudal to the upper canines in other breeds of dogs
When monitoring the vital signs of an anesthetized patient, you must observe and record all of the following except?
MM color and CRT, HR and RR and depth, reflexes, or pulse quality and strength
Reflexes
The responsibilities of the anesthetist during a surgical procedure include continuous monitoring of the patients vital signs and recording observations at approximately?
5 minuet intervals
Adequate oxygen may be evaluated subjectively during anesthesia by the?
MM color and CRT
Hypo ventilation that occurs in the anesthetized patient is characterized by?
Decreased oxygen levels and increased carbon dioxide levels
Once extubated, all animals should be placed in?
Sternal recumbency with the neck extended
Following discontinuation of the anesthetic gas, periodic bagging of the patient with pure oxygen is advisable, because it?
Helps reinflate collapsed alveoli
It is cause for concern if an anesthetized cats HR falls below?
100 bpm
A capillary refill time that is over 2 seconds indicates?
Decreased peripheral blood perfusion
Use of an indwelling catheter in an artery to monitor blood pressure is termed?
Direct monitoring
During the maintenance period of anesthesia in a cat or dog, respiratory rates lower than how many breaths/min may indicate excessive anesthetic depth that should be reported to the vet?
8
Some anesthetists routinely bag the patient under inhalation anesthesia once every 5 mins to help prevent?
Atelectasis
If the rectum of the patient is covered by a surgical drape or is otherwise inaccessible to the anesthetist, a rough estimate of body temp can be obtained by?
Touching the patients feet or ears
Which species is most prone to malignant hyperthermia?
Pigs
What measure would be of no use in monitoring patients given succinylcholine?
Jaw muscle tone
Using ketamine as an anesthetic agent diminishes the value of what measure in assessing anesthetic depth?
Eye position
