Week 2 Lectures Flashcards
What are atoms made of?
Protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Chemistry is the study of ____.
Matter.
Matter is ______.
Anything that occupies space.
What are the vertical columns on a periodic table called?
Groups
What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?
Periods
What are the three groups of elemental classification?
Major elements, minor elements, and trace elements.
What languages are elements titled by?
English and Latin
What is an Atom?
Smallest unit of an element in its purest form.
What are protons neutrons and electrons called?
Subatomic particles.
What is the nucleus of an atom surrounded by?
An electron cloud.
What’s a dalton?
A unit for measuring the weight of subatomic particles.
Proton - 1 dalton
Neutron - 1 dalton
Electron - 1/2000 of a dalton (negligible)
In an atom, what is the mass determined by?
The size of the nucleus.
Atomic symbol?
ONe or two letters in latin or english like Be, O, Na, H etc.
How to find Atomic number?
Ask How many protons does this atom have?
How to find atomic mass?
Protons + Neutrons
How to find # of electrons in an electrically neutral atom?
Number of protons = number of electrons
Isotopes have a different number of neutrons. How do you figure this out?
Look at the number of neutrons. They will have a different number than others.
What is an unstable isotope called?
Radioisotopes.
What is energy?
The capacity to do work.
What are the two forms of energy?
Potential energy (stored energy)
Kinetic energy (energy that is used in motion)
How is potential energy transferred to kinetic?
Energy is transferred between atoms through chemical bonds because atoms want to be stable.
What happens to atoms with incomplete outer shells?
They are very unstable.
What is a chemical bond?
The attractive force that holds two or more atoms together.
3 kinds of chemical bonds:
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds.
Covalent bonds can be classified into two types. What are they?
Polar covalent bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds
What is an ion?
An electrically charged atom.
Ionic compounds are ___ in size.
small
A hydrogen bond is formed between ____ molecules.
Polar
Rank the strength levels of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
Covalent - strong
Ionic - Moderate
Hydrogen - Weak
what is an inorganic compound?
They typically lack carbon and hydrogen combination together.
Any compound without hydrogen and carbon together is an ___ ____.
Inorganic Compound
Organic Compound
Hydrogen and Carbon are found together in this compound
Water is important because?
Water molecules are polar
Water is liquid at body temperature
It can flow easily and transport molecules
It can break and form continually
It can take three forms: liquid, solid, and gas.
Water can absorb and hold heat
Water helps regulate body temperature
Water is a biological solvent
What is a solvent?
Liquid in which other substances dissolve.
Water is a biological substance.
What is a solute?
That which is dissolved into a solvent.
Hydrophobic
Refers to nonpolar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water.
Nonpolar compounds are neutral.
Generally, water is ___.
Neutral.
However, when some compounds are suspended in water they generate an imbalance in the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxl ions.
What is the difference between acids and bases when they contact water?
Acids: donate hydrogen ions (protons), increase hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
Bases: Accept hydrogen ions (protons), lower hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
What is the pH scale?
A scale of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in a substance.
It ranges from 0-14.
0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base.
Any drastic change in the pH condition of the living environment _____ the cell.
Damages.
Buffers are chemicals that regulate the acid-base balance. Your kidneys and lungs do this.
Carbon can build ___ or ____ molecules
micro or macro
What is dehydration synthesis?
Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units. This requires energy and ultimately builds macromolecules from smaller subunits.
What is Hydrolysis?
This ADDS the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules. This releases energy.
What are organic molecuels?
Molecules found in all living cells.
These include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and/or Phosphorus.
These come from large molecules (macromolecules).
Your body uses ____ to store energy.
Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates can be studied as ____, ____, and ____.
Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, Polysaccharides.
Lipids are ___ in water
insoluble
Should you eat unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated
Proteins are what?
Long chains (polymers) of subinits called AMINO ACIDS?
What makes one amino acid different from another?
They have varying R groups
How is a polymer of amino acids formed?
Peptide bonds which are produced by dehydration synthesis.
Function of a protein depends on what 4 structures?
Primary structure - amino acid sequence
Secondary structure -
Alpha helix, beta pletated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure, three dimensional shape, stabilized by disulfide bond.
This creates polar and nonpolar areas in a molecule.
Quaternary structure
-Two or more polypeptide chains are associated.
What is denaturation?
Permanent disruption of protein structure.
This can be caused by extreme temperatures or changes in pH level.
Job of enzymes
Generate new molecules that are essential for the cell.
They function as a mediator in a chemical reaction.
Enzymes themself dont change, but they make reactants into products.
Without enzymes, no biochemical reactions would take place.
Enzymes make things go fast.
The function of an enzyme is dependant on?
Temperature
pH
Ion concentration
Presence of inhibitors
Nucleic Acids
(Found in nucleus of cell)
What they made of?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids.
They contain:
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
for DNA, there is a sugar called deoxyribose.
for RNA there is a sugar called ribose
Structure of DNA?
Double stranded helical structure.
Repeating patterns of nucleotides.
Nitrogenous bases are present as well.
adenine
guanine
cytosine
and thymine
The backbone of DNA is built from?
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate
RNA structure
single stranded and built from nucleotides that contain:
-ribose sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogenous bases
-Adenine
-Guanine
-Cytosine
-Uracil
WHAT IT DO? RNA has message to make a protein.
Flow of info?
DNA > RNA > PROTEIN
Each cell has multiple pairs of what?
Chromosomes.
Each cell has multiple pairs of chromosomes
Each chromosome stores info to message to make proteins.
Each message is called a gene
Each message is transcribed to make mRNA
Each mRNA has message to make a protein
Each protein is responsible to conduct a cellular function.
ONe form of nucleotide supplies energy. What is it?
ATP -adenosine-triphosphate
This is a universal source of usable energy.
What is the ATP cycle?
Energy is released
-breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate.
At the same time
-ATP is generated by incorporating energy and forming a bond between the second and third phosphate.
This is a reversible reaction.
