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Biology 100 > Week 2 Lectures > Flashcards

Week 2 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons, electrons, and neutrons.

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2
Q

Chemistry is the study of ____.

A

Matter.

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3
Q

Matter is ______.

A

Anything that occupies space.

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4
Q

What are the vertical columns on a periodic table called?

A

Groups

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5
Q

What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

A

Periods

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6
Q

What are the three groups of elemental classification?

A

Major elements, minor elements, and trace elements.

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7
Q

What languages are elements titled by?

A

English and Latin

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8
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Smallest unit of an element in its purest form.

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9
Q

What are protons neutrons and electrons called?

A

Subatomic particles.

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10
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom surrounded by?

A

An electron cloud.

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11
Q

What’s a dalton?

A

A unit for measuring the weight of subatomic particles.

Proton - 1 dalton
Neutron - 1 dalton
Electron - 1/2000 of a dalton (negligible)

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12
Q

In an atom, what is the mass determined by?

A

The size of the nucleus.

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13
Q

Atomic symbol?

A

ONe or two letters in latin or english like Be, O, Na, H etc.

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14
Q

How to find Atomic number?

A

Ask How many protons does this atom have?

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15
Q

How to find atomic mass?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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16
Q

How to find # of electrons in an electrically neutral atom?

A

Number of protons = number of electrons

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17
Q

Isotopes have a different number of neutrons. How do you figure this out?

A

Look at the number of neutrons. They will have a different number than others.

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18
Q

What is an unstable isotope called?

A

Radioisotopes.

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19
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work.

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20
Q

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Potential energy (stored energy)
Kinetic energy (energy that is used in motion)

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21
Q

How is potential energy transferred to kinetic?

A

Energy is transferred between atoms through chemical bonds because atoms want to be stable.

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22
Q

What happens to atoms with incomplete outer shells?

A

They are very unstable.

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23
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

The attractive force that holds two or more atoms together.

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24
Q

3 kinds of chemical bonds:

A

Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds.

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25
Covalent bonds can be classified into two types. What are they?
Polar covalent bonds Nonpolar covalent bonds
26
What is an ion?
An electrically charged atom.
27
Ionic compounds are ___ in size.
small
28
A hydrogen bond is formed between ____ molecules.
Polar
29
Rank the strength levels of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
Covalent - strong Ionic - Moderate Hydrogen - Weak
30
what is an inorganic compound?
They typically lack carbon and hydrogen combination together.
31
Any compound without hydrogen and carbon together is an ___ ____.
Inorganic Compound
32
Organic Compound
Hydrogen and Carbon are found together in this compound
33
Water is important because?
Water molecules are polar Water is liquid at body temperature It can flow easily and transport molecules It can break and form continually It can take three forms: liquid, solid, and gas. Water can absorb and hold heat Water helps regulate body temperature Water is a biological solvent
34
What is a solvent?
Liquid in which other substances dissolve. Water is a biological substance.
35
What is a solute?
That which is dissolved into a solvent.
36
Hydrophobic
Refers to nonpolar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water. Nonpolar compounds are neutral.
37
Generally, water is ___.
Neutral. However, when some compounds are suspended in water they generate an imbalance in the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxl ions.
38
What is the difference between acids and bases when they contact water?
Acids: donate hydrogen ions (protons), increase hydrogen ion concentration in solutions. Bases: Accept hydrogen ions (protons), lower hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
39
What is the pH scale?
A scale of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in a substance. It ranges from 0-14. 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base.
40
Any drastic change in the pH condition of the living environment _____ the cell.
Damages. Buffers are chemicals that regulate the acid-base balance. Your kidneys and lungs do this.
41
Carbon can build ___ or ____ molecules
micro or macro
42
What is dehydration synthesis?
Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units. This requires energy and ultimately builds macromolecules from smaller subunits.
43
What is Hydrolysis?
This ADDS the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules. This releases energy.
44
What are organic molecuels?
Molecules found in all living cells. These include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and/or Phosphorus. These come from large molecules (macromolecules).
45
Your body uses ____ to store energy.
Carbohydrates.
46
Carbohydrates can be studied as ____, ____, and ____.
Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, Polysaccharides.
47
Lipids are ___ in water
insoluble
48
Should you eat unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated
49
Proteins are what?
Long chains (polymers) of subinits called AMINO ACIDS?
50
What makes one amino acid different from another?
They have varying R groups
51
How is a polymer of amino acids formed?
Peptide bonds which are produced by dehydration synthesis.
52
Function of a protein depends on what 4 structures?
Primary structure - amino acid sequence Secondary structure - Alpha helix, beta pletated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure, three dimensional shape, stabilized by disulfide bond. This creates polar and nonpolar areas in a molecule. Quaternary structure -Two or more polypeptide chains are associated.
53
What is denaturation?
Permanent disruption of protein structure. This can be caused by extreme temperatures or changes in pH level.
54
Job of enzymes
Generate new molecules that are essential for the cell. They function as a mediator in a chemical reaction. Enzymes themself dont change, but they make reactants into products. Without enzymes, no biochemical reactions would take place. Enzymes make things go fast.
55
The function of an enzyme is dependant on?
Temperature pH Ion concentration Presence of inhibitors
56
Nucleic Acids (Found in nucleus of cell) What they made of?
Nucleotides
57
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids. They contain: Nitrogenous base Phosphate group 5 carbon sugar for DNA, there is a sugar called deoxyribose. for RNA there is a sugar called ribose
58
Structure of DNA?
Double stranded helical structure. Repeating patterns of nucleotides. Nitrogenous bases are present as well. adenine guanine cytosine and thymine
59
The backbone of DNA is built from?
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate
60
RNA structure
single stranded and built from nucleotides that contain: -ribose sugar -phosphate -nitrogenous bases -Adenine -Guanine -Cytosine -Uracil WHAT IT DO? RNA has message to make a protein.
61
Flow of info?
DNA > RNA > PROTEIN
62
Each cell has multiple pairs of what?
Chromosomes. Each cell has multiple pairs of chromosomes Each chromosome stores info to message to make proteins. Each message is called a gene Each message is transcribed to make mRNA Each mRNA has message to make a protein Each protein is responsible to conduct a cellular function.
63
ONe form of nucleotide supplies energy. What is it?
ATP -adenosine-triphosphate This is a universal source of usable energy.
64
What is the ATP cycle?
Energy is released -breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate. At the same time -ATP is generated by incorporating energy and forming a bond between the second and third phosphate. This is a reversible reaction.

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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