Chapter 14 - Skeletal System Flashcards
What does the skeletal system do?
Provide a framework to the body.
What is cartilage?
Cartilageis a type of dense connective tissue, made of tough protein fibers. It is strong but flexible and very smooth. It covers the ends of bones at joints, providing a smooth surface for bones to move over.
What are ligaments?
Ligamentsare bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together. They keep the bones of the skeleton in place.
What are the 2 parts of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular skeletons
What is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib cage. The bones of the axial skeleton, along with ligaments and muscles, allow the human body to maintain its upright posture. The axial skeleton also transmits weight from the head, trunk, and upper extremities down the back to the lower extremities. In addition, the bones protect the brain and organs in the chest.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The appendicular skeleton forms the appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton. It includes the bones of the arms and legs, hands and feet, and shoulder and pelvic girdles. The bones of the appendicular skeleton make possible locomotion and other movements of the appendages. They also protect the major organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
____ is the process in which blood cells are produced.
Hematopoiesis
What tissue produces blood cells?
Red marrow
Bone minerals are _____ (basic), so their ____ into the blood ____ the blood against excessive ____ (low pH)
Alkaline, release, buffers, acidity
Bones can act as an ____ organ to help in homeostasis
endocrine
What is osteocalcin?
an endocrine hormone secreted by bones that helps regulate blood glucose and fat deposition. It also increases insulin secretion and cell sensitivity to unsulin. It also boosts number of insulin producing cells and reduces fat stores.
How is the female pelvis adapted for childbirth?
It is broader, with a larger subpubic angle, a rounder pelvic brim, and a wider and more shallow lesser pelvic cavity compared to the male pelvis.
In adults, the skeletal system contains ____ bones
206
Bones are mainly made of ____
collagen
Why are bones hard?
The contain deposits of calcium and other mineral salts.
There is very little sexual ____ in the ___skeleton
diorphism, human
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
What bones are in the axial skeleton?
Skill, rib cage, vertebral column, three ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup), hyoid bone in throat.
What bones are in the skull?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Parietal x 2
Temporal x 2
Occipital
How many bones are in skull?
22.
8 in cranium
14 in face
What is the cranium?
The brain case, the upper portion of skull.
What are the 14 facial bones?
Nasal x 2
Lacrimal x 2
Inferior nasal concha x 2
Maxilla x 2
Mandible
Palatine x 2
Zygomatic x 2
Vomer
What is the vertebral column?
Thevertebral column,also called the spine or backbone, is the flexible column ofvertebrae (singular, vertebra)that connects the trunk with the skull and encloses the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae that are divided into five regions, as shown in the figure below: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. From the neck down, the first 24 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) are individual bones. Thefivesacral vertebrae are fused together, as are thefourcoccygeal vertebrae.
What are the different segments of the vertebral column?
C1-C7 Cervical vertebrae, cervical curve
T1-T12 Thoracic vertebrae, thoracic curve
L1-L5 Lumber vertebrae, Lumbar curve
Fused vertebra of sacrum and Coccyx form sacroccygeal curve ( 5 sacral vertebae + 4 coccygeal vertebrae)
What is another name for the rib cage?
Thoracic cage
What are the 3 groups of ribs?
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
How many bones are in the appendicular system?
126 bones.
How many bones are in ech upper limb?
30
What are the bones in the arm?
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Lateral Epicondyle
Elbow joint
+
Extensor muscle
Extensor tendon
+
Hand bones
Carpals (8)
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Intermediate phalanges
Distal phalanges
How many bones are in each lower limb?
30 bones
What bones are in the foot and ankle?
Ankle: 7 tarsal bones (including talus and and calcaneus).
Feet: 5 metatarsal bones in each foot
14 phalanges bones in each foot
What is the shoulder girdle?
Thepectoral girdle(also called shoulder girdle) attaches the upper limbs to the trunk of the body. Its connection with the axial skeleton is by muscles alone. This allows a considerable range of motion in the upper limbs. The shoulder girdle consists of just two pairs of bones, with one of each pair on opposite sides of the body (see figure below). There are a right and left clavicle (collarbone) and a right and left scapula (shoulder blade). The scapula is a pear-shaped flat bone that helps to form the shoulder joint. The clavicle is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum.
What is the pelvic girdle?
Thepelvic girdleattaches the legs to the trunk of the body and also provides a basin to contain and support the organs of the abdomen. It is connected to the vertebral column of the axial skeleton by ligaments. The pelvic girdle consists of two halves, one half for each leg, but the halves are fused with each other in adults at a joint called the pubic symphysis. Each half of the pelvic girdle includes three bones, as shown in the figure below: the ilium (flaring upper part of the pelvic girdle), pubis (lower front), and ischium (lower back). Each of these bones helps form the acetabulum, which is a depression into which the top of the femur (thighbone) fits. When the body is in a seated position, it rests on protrusions (called tuberosities) of the two ischial bones.
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
Illium
Iliac Crest
Acetabulum
Ischium
Pubis
What bones make up the legs and feet?
Each lower limb also consists of 30 bones. There is one bone, called the femur, in the upper leg, and two bones, called the tibia and fibula, in the lower leg. The patella covers the knee joint. The ankle containsseventarsal bones, and the foot containsfivemetatarsals. The tarsals and metatarsals form the heel and arch of the foot. The bones in the toes consist of 14 phalanges.
What are the advantages of having an s-shaped vertebral column?
The S shape of the vertebral column allows it to act like a shock absorber, absorbing much of the jarring of walking and running so the forces are not transmitted directly from the pelvis to the skull. The S shape also helps protect the spine from breaking, which would be more likely with a straight, more rigid vertebral column. In addition, the S shape helps to distribute the weight of the body, and particularly of the internal organs, so the weight load is not all at the bottom, as would occur with a straight spine.
What are joints?
Jointsare locations at which bones of the skeleton connect with one another. A joint is also called an articulation. The majority of joints are structured in such a way that they allow movement. However, not all joints allow movement. Of joints that do allow movement, the extent and direction of the movements they allow also vary.
What are the 2 MAJOR classification categories of joints?
Structural and functional
Structural classification of joints?
3 types:
1. Fibrous - bones joined by dense connective tissue. Also called sutures.
2. Cartilaginous - Joints mediate dby cartilage.
3. Synovial - Mediated by a fluid filled space called a synovial cavity.
Functional Classification of Joints?
Immovable - little or no movement at joing. Most of these are fibrous joints. Tibia-fibula in leg, radius-ulna in arm.
Partly Movable - Permit slight movement. Mostly cartilaginous joints. Between vertebrae, ribs, sternum.
Movable - Allow bone to move freely. Knee, shoulder, hip, elbow. Most common type of jointin body.
What are the 6 classes of movable joints?
Pivot
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Condyloid
Ball-and-socket
Pivot Joint:
A pivot joint allows one bone to rotate around another. An example of a pivot joint is the joint between the first two vertebrae in the spine. This joint allows the head to rotate from left to right and back again.
Hinge Joint
A hinge joint allows back and forth movement like the hinge of a door. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow. This joint allows the arm to bend back and forth.
Saddle Joint
A saddle joint allows two different types of movement. An example of a saddle joint is the joint between the first metacarpal bone in the hand and one of the carpal bones in the wrist. This joint allows the thumb to move toward and away from the index finger and also to cross over the palm toward the little finger
Plane Joint
A plane joint, also called a gliding joint, allows two bones that glide over one another. The joints between the tarsals in the ankles and between the carpals in the wrists are mainly gliding joints. In the wrist, this type of joint allows the hand to bend upward at the wrist and also to wave from side to side while the lower arm is held steady.
Ball and Socket Joint
A ball-and-socket joint allows the greatest range of movement of any movable joint. It allows forward and backward as well as upward and downward motions. It also allows rotation in a circle. The knee and shoulder are the only two ball-and-socket joints in the human body.
Condyloid Joint
A condyloid joint is one in which an oval-shaped head on one bone moves in an elliptical cavity in another bone, allowing movement in all directs except rotation around an axis. The joint between the radius in the lower arm and carpal bones of the wrist is a condyloid joint as is the joint at the base of the index finger.
5 ways to avoid osteoarthritis:
- Maintain normal healthy weight.
- Avoid too much high-impact exercise.
- Reduce your risk of injury.
- Distribute work over your whole body.
- Respect pain.
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosisis an age-related disorder in which bones lose mass, weaken, and break more easily than normal bones.
When does bone mass peak?
The 30’s
Who has higher bone mass, men or women?
Men
What are 3 ways a person develops osteoporosis?
- They never hit peak bone mass when they are young.
- There is greater than normal bone resorption.
- Osteoblasts don’t make enough bone.
T scores
DEXA scan (dual energy X-ray absorpiometry) is a measure of bone density. A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis, whereas a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone density).
What are some risk factors for Osteoporosis?
older age
female sex
European or Asian ancestry
family history of osteoporosis
short stature and small bones
smoking
alcohol consumption
lack of exercise
vitamin D deficiency
poor nutrition
consumption of soft drinks
What are bisphosphonates?
Medications used to treat, slow, or reverse osteoperosis.
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA)is a joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include joint swelling and decreased range of motion.
By age ___, as many as ___ percent of ___ people have evidence of osteoarthritis.
65, 80, all
Every ___ pound you gain puts ___ pounds of stress on your knees
1, 4
Osteoarthritis cannot be ___ but it can be ___
cured, helped
