Chapter 14 - Skeletal System

Question 1

What does the skeletal system do?

Answer 1

Provide a framework to the body.

Question 2

What is cartilage?

Answer 2

Cartilageis a type of dense connective tissue, made of tough protein fibers. It is strong but flexible and very smooth. It covers the ends of bones at joints, providing a smooth surface for bones to move over.

Question 3

What are ligaments?

Answer 3

Ligamentsare bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together. They keep the bones of the skeleton in place.

Question 4

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton?

Answer 4

Axial and Appendicular skeletons

Question 5

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 5

The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib cage. The bones of the axial skeleton, along with ligaments and muscles, allow the human body to maintain its upright posture. The axial skeleton also transmits weight from the head, trunk, and upper extremities down the back to the lower extremities. In addition, the bones protect the brain and organs in the chest.

Question 6

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 6

The appendicular skeleton forms the appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton. It includes the bones of the arms and legs, hands and feet, and shoulder and pelvic girdles. The bones of the appendicular skeleton make possible locomotion and other movements of the appendages. They also protect the major organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

Question 7

____ is the process in which blood cells are produced.

Answer 7

Hematopoiesis

Question 8

What tissue produces blood cells?

Answer 8

Red marrow

Question 9

Bone minerals are _____ (basic), so their ____ into the blood ____ the blood against excessive ____ (low pH)

Answer 9

Alkaline, release, buffers, acidity

Question 10

Bones can act as an ____ organ to help in homeostasis

Answer 10

endocrine

Question 11

What is osteocalcin?

Answer 11

an endocrine hormone secreted by bones that helps regulate blood glucose and fat deposition. It also increases insulin secretion and cell sensitivity to unsulin. It also boosts number of insulin producing cells and reduces fat stores.

Question 12

How is the female pelvis adapted for childbirth?

Answer 12

It is broader, with a larger subpubic angle, a rounder pelvic brim, and a wider and more shallow lesser pelvic cavity compared to the male pelvis.

Question 13

In adults, the skeletal system contains ____ bones

Answer 13

206

Question 14

Bones are mainly made of ____

Answer 14

collagen

Question 15

Why are bones hard?

Answer 15

The contain deposits of calcium and other mineral salts.

Question 16

There is very little sexual ____ in the ___skeleton

Answer 16

diorphism, human

Question 17

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 17

80

Question 18

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 18

Skill, rib cage, vertebral column, three ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup), hyoid bone in throat.

Question 19

What bones are in the skull?

Answer 19

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Parietal x 2
Temporal x 2
Occipital

Question 20

How many bones are in skull?

Answer 20

22.
8 in cranium
14 in face

Question 21

What is the cranium?

Answer 21

The brain case, the upper portion of skull.

Question 22

What are the 14 facial bones?

Answer 22

Nasal x 2
Lacrimal x 2
Inferior nasal concha x 2
Maxilla x 2
Mandible
Palatine x 2
Zygomatic x 2
Vomer

Question 23

What is the vertebral column?

Answer 23

Thevertebral column,also called the spine or backbone, is the flexible column ofvertebrae (singular, vertebra)that connects the trunk with the skull and encloses the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae that are divided into five regions, as shown in the figure below: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. From the neck down, the first 24 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) are individual bones. Thefivesacral vertebrae are fused together, as are thefourcoccygeal vertebrae.

Question 24

What are the different segments of the vertebral column?

Answer 24

C1-C7 Cervical vertebrae, cervical curve

T1-T12 Thoracic vertebrae, thoracic curve

L1-L5 Lumber vertebrae, Lumbar curve

Fused vertebra of sacrum and Coccyx form sacroccygeal curve ( 5 sacral vertebae + 4 coccygeal vertebrae)

Question 25

What is another name for the rib cage?

Answer 25

Thoracic cage

Question 26

What are the 3 groups of ribs?

Answer 26

True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

Question 27

How many bones are in the appendicular system?

Answer 27

126 bones.

Question 28

How many bones are in ech upper limb?

Answer 28

30

Question 29

What are the bones in the arm?

Answer 29

Humerus Radius Ulna Lateral Epicondyle Elbow joint + Extensor muscle Extensor tendon + Hand bones Carpals (8) Metacarpals Proximal phalanges Intermediate phalanges Distal phalanges

Question 30

How many bones are in each lower limb?

Answer 30

30 bones

Question 31

What bones are in the foot and ankle?

Answer 31

Ankle: 7 tarsal bones (including talus and and calcaneus). Feet: 5 metatarsal bones in each foot 14 phalanges bones in each foot

Question 32

What is the shoulder girdle?

Answer 32

The pectoral girdle (also called shoulder girdle) attaches the upper limbs to the trunk of the body. Its connection with the axial skeleton is by muscles alone. This allows a considerable range of motion in the upper limbs. The shoulder girdle consists of just two pairs of bones, with one of each pair on opposite sides of the body (see figure below). There are a right and left clavicle (collarbone) and a right and left scapula (shoulder blade). The scapula is a pear-shaped flat bone that helps to form the shoulder joint. The clavicle is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum.

Question 33

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 33

The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the trunk of the body and also provides a basin to contain and support the organs of the abdomen. It is connected to the vertebral column of the axial skeleton by ligaments. The pelvic girdle consists of two halves, one half for each leg, but the halves are fused with each other in adults at a joint called the pubic symphysis. Each half of the pelvic girdle includes three bones, as shown in the figure below: the ilium (flaring upper part of the pelvic girdle), pubis (lower front), and ischium (lower back). Each of these bones helps form the acetabulum, which is a depression into which the top of the femur (thighbone) fits. When the body is in a seated position, it rests on protrusions (called tuberosities) of the two ischial bones.

Question 34

What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 34

Illium Iliac Crest Acetabulum Ischium Pubis

Question 35

What bones make up the legs and feet?

Answer 35

Each lower limb also consists of 30 bones. There is one bone, called the femur, in the upper leg, and two bones, called the tibia and fibula, in the lower leg. The patella covers the knee joint. The ankle contains seven tarsal bones, and the foot contains five metatarsals. The tarsals and metatarsals form the heel and arch of the foot. The bones in the toes consist of 14 phalanges.

Question 36

What are the advantages of having an s-shaped vertebral column?

Answer 36

The S shape of the vertebral column allows it to act like a shock absorber, absorbing much of the jarring of walking and running so the forces are not transmitted directly from the pelvis to the skull. The S shape also helps protect the spine from breaking, which would be more likely with a straight, more rigid vertebral column. In addition, the S shape helps to distribute the weight of the body, and particularly of the internal organs, so the weight load is not all at the bottom, as would occur with a straight spine.

Question 37

What are joints?

Answer 37

Joints are locations at which bones of the skeleton connect with one another. A joint is also called an articulation. The majority of joints are structured in such a way that they allow movement. However, not all joints allow movement. Of joints that do allow movement, the extent and direction of the movements they allow also vary.

Question 38

What are the 2 MAJOR classification categories of joints?

Answer 38

Structural and functional

Question 39

Structural classification of joints?

Answer 39

3 types: 1. Fibrous - bones joined by dense connective tissue. Also called sutures. 2. Cartilaginous - Joints mediate dby cartilage. 3. Synovial - Mediated by a fluid filled space called a synovial cavity.

Question 40

Functional Classification of Joints?

Answer 40

Immovable - little or no movement at joing. Most of these are fibrous joints. Tibia-fibula in leg, radius-ulna in arm. Partly Movable - Permit slight movement. Mostly cartilaginous joints. Between vertebrae, ribs, sternum. Movable - Allow bone to move freely. Knee, shoulder, hip, elbow. Most common type of jointin body.

Question 41

What are the 6 classes of movable joints?

Answer 41

Pivot Hinge Saddle Plane Condyloid Ball-and-socket

Question 42

Pivot Joint:

Answer 42

A pivot joint allows one bone to rotate around another. An example of a pivot joint is the joint between the first two vertebrae in the spine. This joint allows the head to rotate from left to right and back again.

Question 43

Hinge Joint

Answer 43

A hinge joint allows back and forth movement like the hinge of a door. An example of a hinge joint is the elbow. This joint allows the arm to bend back and forth.

Question 44

Saddle Joint

Answer 44

A saddle joint allows two different types of movement. An example of a saddle joint is the joint between the first metacarpal bone in the hand and one of the carpal bones in the wrist. This joint allows the thumb to move toward and away from the index finger and also to cross over the palm toward the little finger

Question 45

Plane Joint

Answer 45

A plane joint, also called a gliding joint, allows two bones that glide over one another. The joints between the tarsals in the ankles and between the carpals in the wrists are mainly gliding joints. In the wrist, this type of joint allows the hand to bend upward at the wrist and also to wave from side to side while the lower arm is held steady.

Question 46

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 46

A ball-and-socket joint allows the greatest range of movement of any movable joint. It allows forward and backward as well as upward and downward motions. It also allows rotation in a circle. The knee and shoulder are the only two ball-and-socket joints in the human body.

Question 47

Condyloid Joint

Answer 47

A condyloid joint is one in which an oval-shaped head on one bone moves in an elliptical cavity in another bone, allowing movement in all directs except rotation around an axis. The joint between the radius in the lower arm and carpal bones of the wrist is a condyloid joint as is the joint at the base of the index finger.

Question 48

5 ways to avoid osteoarthritis:

Answer 48

1. Maintain normal healthy weight. 2. Avoid too much high-impact exercise. 3. Reduce your risk of injury. 4. Distribute work over your whole body. 5. Respect pain.

Question 49

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 49

Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder in which bones lose mass, weaken, and break more easily than normal bones. 

Question 50

When does bone mass peak?

Answer 50

The 30's

Question 51

Who has higher bone mass, men or women?

Answer 51

Men

Question 52

What are 3 ways a person develops osteoporosis?

Answer 52

1. They never hit peak bone mass when they are young. 2. There is greater than normal bone resorption. 3. Osteoblasts don't make enough bone.

Question 53

T scores

Answer 53

DEXA scan (dual energy X-ray absorpiometry) is a measure of bone density. A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates osteoporosis, whereas a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone density). 

Question 54

What are some risk factors for Osteoporosis?

Answer 54

older age female sex European or Asian ancestry family history of osteoporosis short stature and small bones smoking alcohol consumption lack of exercise vitamin D deficiency poor nutrition consumption of soft drinks

Question 55

What are bisphosphonates?

Answer 55

Medications used to treat, slow, or reverse osteoperosis.

Question 56

What is Osteoarthritis?

Answer 56

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and bone. The most common symptoms are joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include joint swelling and decreased range of motion.

Question 57

By age ___, as many as ___ percent of ___ people have evidence of osteoarthritis.

Answer 57

65, 80, all

Question 58

Every ___ pound you gain puts ___ pounds of stress on your knees

Answer 58

1, 4

Question 59

Osteoarthritis cannot be ___ but it can be ___

Answer 59

cured, helped