Chapter 10 - Organ Systems Flashcards
What is anatomy? (simple)
The body’s structure
What is the study of anatomy called?
Physiology.
What is a tissue?
A group of connected cells that have a similar function
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
The organization of the body is a ____
hierarchy of increasing size
What is the hierarchy of organization in humans?
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
How can humans have cells of different types?
differential regulation of genes; cells with the same genes can be very different because different genes are expressed depending on the cell type
What are the 4 subtypes of bone cells?
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic
Osteoclasts
What is an osteocyte?
A star-shaped bone cell that majes up the majority of bone tissue. These are the most common bone cells
What is an Osteoblast?
Bone maker
Cell with one nuclei that makes new bone.
What is an osteogenic cell?
undifferentiated stem cells that differentiate to form osteoblasts in the tissue that covers the outside of the bone.
What is an osteoclast?
Bone breaker
Big cell with multiple nuclei.
What is a leukocyte?
A white blood cell
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
- Monocytes: 5% of total WBC, eat and destroy pathogens in tissue.
- Eosinophils 2% of WBC, attack parasites and set off allergic responses.
- Basophils >1% of WBC, release histamine proteins
- Lymphocytes 30% of WBC, B cells make antibodies and T cells destroy virus-infected and cancer cells.
- Neutrophils 62% of WBC, eat single-celled bacteria and fungi.
What is a matrix?
a ground substance secreted by connective tissue, it can be liquid, gel, or solid, all depending on the type of connective tissue
What are the categories of connective tissue?
- Connective Tissue Proper
a. Loose connective Tissue Proper
i. Areolar Connective tissue
ii. Adipose connective tissue
iii. Reticular connective tissue
b. Dense connective tissue Proper
i. Dense regular connective tissue
ii. Dense irregular connective tissue
iii. Elastic connective tissue - Cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage - Bone
What is a mucous membrane?
A type of epithelial cell that produces mucus.
What are the 4 types of nervous tissue?
- Gray Matter - Important for info processing. Mostly made of cell bodies of Neurons.
- White matter - Connects and facilitates communication between gray matter areas.
- Nerves - Make up most of peripheral nervous system. Carry messages between central nervous system and rest of body.
- Ganglia - Act as relay points for messages transmitted through nerves.
What is an organ?
A collection of tissues jouned in a structural unit to serve a common function.
Organs exist in ____ ____ organisms
most
multicellular
What are the 5 essential survival organs?
Heart
Brain
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
What is the heart?
The heart is located in the center of chest, and its function is to keep blood flowing through the body. Blood carries substances to cells that they need and also carries away wastes from cells.
What is the brain?
The brain is located in the head and functions as the body’s control center. It is the seat of all thoughts, memories, perceptions, and feelings.
What are the kidneys?
The two kidneys are located in the back of the abdomen on either side of the body. Their function is to filter blood and form urine, which is excreted from the body.
What is the liver?
The liver is located on the right side of the abdomen. It has many functions, including filtering blood, secreting bile that is needed for digestion, and producing proteins necessary for blood clotting.
What are the lungs?
The two lungs are located on either side of the upper chest. Their main function is exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood