Chapter 10 - Organ Systems Flashcards
What is anatomy? (simple)
The body’s structure
What is the study of anatomy called?
Physiology.
What is a tissue?
A group of connected cells that have a similar function
What are the 4 types of tissues?
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
The organization of the body is a ____
hierarchy of increasing size
What is the hierarchy of organization in humans?
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
How can humans have cells of different types?
differential regulation of genes; cells with the same genes can be very different because different genes are expressed depending on the cell type
What are the 4 subtypes of bone cells?
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic
Osteoclasts
What is an osteocyte?
A star-shaped bone cell that majes up the majority of bone tissue. These are the most common bone cells
What is an Osteoblast?
Bone maker
Cell with one nuclei that makes new bone.
What is an osteogenic cell?
undifferentiated stem cells that differentiate to form osteoblasts in the tissue that covers the outside of the bone.
What is an osteoclast?
Bone breaker
Big cell with multiple nuclei.
What is a leukocyte?
A white blood cell
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
- Monocytes: 5% of total WBC, eat and destroy pathogens in tissue.
- Eosinophils 2% of WBC, attack parasites and set off allergic responses.
- Basophils >1% of WBC, release histamine proteins
- Lymphocytes 30% of WBC, B cells make antibodies and T cells destroy virus-infected and cancer cells.
- Neutrophils 62% of WBC, eat single-celled bacteria and fungi.
What is a matrix?
a ground substance secreted by connective tissue, it can be liquid, gel, or solid, all depending on the type of connective tissue
What are the categories of connective tissue?
- Connective Tissue Proper
a. Loose connective Tissue Proper
i. Areolar Connective tissue
ii. Adipose connective tissue
iii. Reticular connective tissue
b. Dense connective tissue Proper
i. Dense regular connective tissue
ii. Dense irregular connective tissue
iii. Elastic connective tissue - Cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage - Bone
What is a mucous membrane?
A type of epithelial cell that produces mucus.
What are the 4 types of nervous tissue?
- Gray Matter - Important for info processing. Mostly made of cell bodies of Neurons.
- White matter - Connects and facilitates communication between gray matter areas.
- Nerves - Make up most of peripheral nervous system. Carry messages between central nervous system and rest of body.
- Ganglia - Act as relay points for messages transmitted through nerves.
What is an organ?
A collection of tissues jouned in a structural unit to serve a common function.
Organs exist in ____ ____ organisms
most
multicellular
What are the 5 essential survival organs?
Heart
Brain
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
What is the heart?
The heart is located in the center of chest, and its function is to keep blood flowing through the body. Blood carries substances to cells that they need and also carries away wastes from cells.
What is the brain?
The brain is located in the head and functions as the body’s control center. It is the seat of all thoughts, memories, perceptions, and feelings.
What are the kidneys?
The two kidneys are located in the back of the abdomen on either side of the body. Their function is to filter blood and form urine, which is excreted from the body.
What is the liver?
The liver is located on the right side of the abdomen. It has many functions, including filtering blood, secreting bile that is needed for digestion, and producing proteins necessary for blood clotting.
What are the lungs?
The two lungs are located on either side of the upper chest. Their main function is exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
What is the Integumentary system comprised of?
Skin
Hair
Nails
What is the skeletal system composed of?
Bones
Joints
Teeth
What is the muscular system composed of?
Skeletal muscle tissues (Tendons)
Smooth muscle tissues
Cardiac muscle tissues
Whatt is the nervous system composed of?
Brain
Spinal cord
What is the endocrine system made of?
Hormone secreting glands
Pituitary gland
Pancreas
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
What is the cardiovascular (circulatory) system made of?
heart
blood
3 types of arteries:
-arteries
-veins
-capillaries
What is the Lymphatic system composed of?
It is part of the immune system.
Lymph vessels + ducts to collect fluid
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus gland (makes lymphocytes)
What is the Respiratory system made of?
Nasal passages
Lungs
Trachea
What is the Digestive System composed of?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Small Intestine
+
Large Intestine
=
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
What is the urinary system composed of?
Two kidneys
Ureter tubes
Urethra
What is the male reproductive system composed of?
Testosterone hormones
Sperm
Epididymis
Testes
Penis
What is the female reproductive system composed of?
Estrogen hormones
Eggs
Uterus
Ovaries
Mammary glands
What are the 11 organ systems?
They are the integumentary,
skeletal,
muscular,
nervous,
endocrine,
cardiovascular,
lymphatic,
respiratory,
digestive,
urinary,
and reproductive systems.
Only the reproductive system varies significantly between males andfemales.
What is a body cavity?
A fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects the internal organs.
What are the two major body cavities?
Dorsal
Ventral
What is the Ventral (anterior/front) cavity subdivided into?
What organs are in this large cavity?
thoracic
abdominal
abdomino-pelvic
pelvic
Lungs
Heart
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
What is the thoracic cavity?
This is located in the chest and is subdivided into two pericardial cavities. The lungs and heart remain here.
What is the dorsal (posterior/back) cavity subdivided into?
What organs does it contain?
Cranial
Spinal
Brain
Spinal cord
What is the meninges?
A three-layer membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord.
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Fluid between the two meningeal layers. This is produced by the brain and it protects and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
What controls communicatin among organ systems?
Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System
What is the master gland of the endocrine system?
The Pituitary gland
What systems does cellular respiration require?
Digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems at the very least.
What systems work together in fight or flight?
The fight-or-flight response is a good example of how the nervous and endocrine systems control other organ system responses. It is triggered by a message from the brain to the endocrine system and prepares the body for flight or a fight. Many organ systems are stimulated to respond, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems.
What systems are involved in voluntary physical activity?
Playing softball or doing other voluntary physical activities may involve the interaction of nervous, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems.
What is homeostasis?
The condition in which a system such as the human body is maintained in a more-or-less steady state.
What is a set point?
A physiological optimum value used to measure any variable like body temp or blood glucose level.
What is the normal range?
Fluctuations that happen within an insignificant range to affect the body.
Example: Body temperature fluctuates from 99.7-99.5 F
What are the 4 components of Homeostasis? (Simple)
Stimulus, sensor, control center, effector
What are the 4 components of homeostasis? (Complex)
Thestimulusis provided by the variable that is being regulated. Generally, the stimulus indicates that the value of the variable has moved away from the set point or has left the normal range.
Thesensormonitors the values of the variable and sends data on it to the control center.
Thecontrol centermatches the data with normal values. If the value is not at the set point or is outside the normal range, the control center sends a signal to the effector.
Theeffectoris an organ, gland, muscle, or other structure that acts on the signal from the control center to move the variable back toward the set point.
Process of Homeostasis (Example)
An explosion at a power plant (stimulus) knocks out the power grid and draws the attention of a security robot (sensor) that alerts the security department (control center) which assesses the damage to the power grid. Then they send out a mechanic (effector) to go and fix the problem).
What type of feedback is most common in biology?
Negative feedback
Stimulus
Sensor
Control
Effector
Back to Stimulus
What is a negative feedback loop?
Feedback serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range.
What is body temp regulated by?
Hypothalamus.
WHat is glucagon?
A hormone that signals cells to break down stored glycogen into glucose in order to reslease the glucose into the blood stream.
What is a positive feedback loop?
Feedback serves to intensify a response until an end point is reached.
This takes place in blood clotting and childbirth.
What is homeostatic imbalance?
When homeostasis fails, cells may not get everything they need or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body. This may result in disease or death if homeostasis is not restored.
What are the fasting blood glucose levels of diabetes?
Below 100 is normal
Between 100-125 makes you pre-diabetic.
Over 125 makes you diabetic.
Can diabetes be stopped or reversed?
YES!
Lose weight (even 7% of your weight)
Exercise regularly (5 days a week for 30 minutes)
Get a healthy diet
Control Stress
Establish a support system
Difference between positive and negative feedback?
Negative:
Regulates most of body.
It is the process where your body reverses a change that is occurring.
Positive:
Rapid change is needed.
This is the process where your body encourages/promotes change.
