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Biology 100 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other types of substances. Each element is made up of one type of atom.

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3
Q

What is nuclear force?

A

The force that attracts protons and neutrons to eachother.

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4
Q

What is a compound made of?

A

Two or more elements combined in fixed proportions.

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5
Q

What is the smallest particle of most compounds in living things?

A

A molecule.

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6
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Something (a force) that holds together the atoms of molecules.

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7
Q

How is a chemical bond formed?

A

When atoms share or transfer valence electrons.

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8
Q

Why do atoms form bonds?

A

They want to have a full outer energy level because it is the most stable possible arrangement of electrons.

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9
Q

What is a polar Covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond is the force of attraction that holds together two nonmetal atoms that share a pair of electrons. One electron is provided by each atom, and the pair of electrons is attracted to the positive nuclei of both atoms.

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10
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An intermolecular attractive force in which a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a small, highlyelectronegativeatom is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a neighboring molecule.

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11
Q

What are the types of chemical bonding?

A

polarcovalent , hydrogen , non-polar covalent, and ionic bonding

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12
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

an atom GIVES AWAY one or more electrons to another atom.

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13
Q

What is a covalent bond (simple answer)?

A

Two atoms share one or more electrons.

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14
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a relatively weak bond between two oppositely charged sides of two or more molecules. Water is a polar molecule.

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15
Q

What is a biochemical compound?

A

Sound it out.
Bio-life
chemical compound.
They are chemical compounds found in living things.

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16
Q

What is the base for all biochemical compounds?

A

Carbon!

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17
Q

Why is carbon essential for life?

A

Because it can form so many bonds, even with itself!!

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18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Something built of monomers.
Momomers are basic units, like beads on a string.

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19
Q

What are the 4 classes of biochemical compounds?

A

Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

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20
Q

Nucleic Acids?

A

Include DNA and RNA molecules. They also contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

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21
Q

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. What do they provide cells with?

A

Energy. They also store energy, and make up organic structures like plant cell-walls.

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22
Q

Proteins include what?

A

Enzymes, antibodies, and numerous other compounds.

They help cells keep shape, make up muscle, speed up chem-reactions, and carry materials and messages.

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23
Q

What is the most abundant biochemical compound found in Earth’s living things?

A

Cellulose

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24
Q

What is the most common class of biochemical compounds?

A

Carbohydrates

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25
Q

Sugars are a general name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, which are found in many foods. Their main function in living things is to provide ____.

A

Energy.

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26
Q

Sugars include ____, ____, and ____.

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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27
Q

glucose + fructose =?

A

sucrose

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28
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate formed by the joining of two monosaccharides.

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29
Q

What is another name for polysaccharides?

A

Complex carbohydrates

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30
Q

What are the 2 common functions of complex carbohydrates in living things?

A

Storing energy and making up structures of living things.

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31
Q

What is starch?

A

A complex carbohydrate that is made by plants to store energy.

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32
Q

Animals dont store energy in starch but in ___.

A

Glycogen, a complex carbohydrate.

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33
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide chain of several hundred to many thousands of linked glucose units.

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34
Q

Da heck is Chitin?

A

a long-chain polymer of a derivative of glucose.

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35
Q

Dietary fiber is found in what kinds of food?

A

plant-based foods, fruits, veggies, whole grains, and legumes.

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of fiber?

A

Soluble Fiber - dissolves in water
Benefits: lowering blood levels of cholesterol and glucose.
Sources: whole oats, peas, beans, and apples.

AND

INsoluble fiber.
Benefits: prevents constipation.
Sources: whole wheat, wheat bran, beans, potatoes.

37
Q

How much fiber do I need to eat a day?

A

38 grams

38
Q

Fats are a type of ___.

A

Lipids

39
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Repeating units that make up lipid molecules.

40
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids - carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

Unsaturated fatty acids - some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.
Instead they form double or triple bonds with other carbon atoms.

41
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Mono - contains one less hydrogen atom

Poly - contain at least two fewer hydrogen atoms

42
Q

Types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides - formed by combining a molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules. (contribute the most to body fat)
Phospholipids - major compoent of the cell membranes of all living things. Part of it loves water and the other hates it.
Steroids - Lipids with a ring structure.

Steroids function as components of a cell membrane OR more likely as hormones which carry messages.

43
Q

What are proteins?

A

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Proteins are made of Amino acids.

44
Q

Amino acids join together to form a molecule called a ___.

A

Dipeptide.

45
Q

Proteins may have up to ____ levels of structure.

A

4.

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

46
Q

Functions of proteins:

A

Structural functions - muscle tissue or cell shape
Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
Antibodies - mark cells for destruction
Messenger or delivery - myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein.

47
Q

chief characteristics of protein:

A

Their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly.

48
Q

What is a binding site?

A

The region of a protein responsible for binding with another molecule. It is a depression on the molecular surface.

49
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

The class of biochemical compounds that indluce DNA and RNA.

50
Q

How many polynucleotide chains makes up DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: 2
RNA: 1

51
Q

What are the types of base pairs in DNA?

A

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA), or Uracil (RNA).

52
Q

You need to know this about nucleotides!

A

Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogen base. Sugars and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides bind together to form the “backbone” of the polynucleotide. Nitrogenous bases jut out to the side of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Bonds between complementary bases hold together the two polynucleotide chains of DNA and cause it to take on its characteristic double helix shape.

53
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process that changes some chemical substances into others.

54
Q

A substance that starts a chemical reaction is called a _____.

A

reactant.

55
Q

The result of a chemical reaction is a ____.

A

product

56
Q

What is a chemical equation?

A

A representation of a chemical reaction. It is a symbolic way of showing what happens during a chemical reaction.

57
Q

The arrow in the chemical equation _____ the ____ from the ___ and ____.

A

separates

reactants

products

shows the direction from which the reaction proceeds.

58
Q

If the reaction could occur in the opposite direction as well, _____ pointing in ____ would be used

A

two arrows pinting in the opposite directions would be used.

59
Q

If just ____ _____ is involved in a chemical reaction, ____ _____ is placed in front of the chemical symbol

A

one molecule

no number

60
Q

What do you call a chemical reaction that RELEASES energy?

A

Exothermic reaction
Reactants + Product –> Heat

61
Q

A chemical reaction that ABSORBS energy is called an

A

Endothermic reaction

Reactants + Heat –> Products

62
Q

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ___ ___.

A

Activation Energy

63
Q

Why do all chemical reactions need energy to get started?

A

In order for reactions to begin, reactant molecules must bump into each other, so they must be moving, and movement requires energy. When reactant molecules bump together, they may repel each other because of intermolecular forces pushing them apart. Overcoming these forces so the molecules can come together and react also takes energy.

64
Q

What do you calla chem-reaction that takes place inside a living organism?

A

A biochemical reaction DUHHH :)

65
Q

The sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism is referred to as ____.

A

Metabolism

66
Q

Metabolism
|
|
^
/ \
Exo Endo
(thermic reactions)
| |
? ?

A

Exothermic reactions in living organisms are called catabolic reactions — break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.

Endothermic reactions in living organisms are called anabolic reactions — build up bigger molecules from smaller ones and absorb energy.

67
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction.
(A biological catalyst).

68
Q

Enzymes are substrate specific. What is a substrate?

A

The substrate of an enzyme is the specific substance it affects.

An enzyme also requires specific conditions like correct temperature and pH.

69
Q

The most common of all known enzyme-deficiency disorders is

A

glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, or G6PD, deficiency. In the U.S., the disorder occurs most often in African-American males. The enzyme G6PD is needed to prevent the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells. Without the enzyme, red blood cells break down prematurely and anemia results.

70
Q

There are many inherited metabolic disorders in humans. What causes them?

A

Most of them are caused by a single defective or missing enzyme.

71
Q

What trait of water allows it to allow light to pass through it?

A

Selective absorption, transparency, and the scattering of white light

72
Q

Each molecule of water contains ____

A

one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen

73
Q

A difference in electrical charge between different parts of a molecule is called ____.

A

Polarity

74
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule in which part of the molecule is positively charged and part of the molecule is negatively charged

75
Q

Water is a good solvent in biochemical reactions why?

A

It is a polar-ly charged molecule

76
Q

What holds water molecules together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

77
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between ____ and ____ charged parts of water molecules.

A

positive and negative

78
Q

Water has a property called cohesion. What does this mean?

A

This refers to the tendency for water molecules to stick together.

79
Q

What is surface tension and why does it happen?

A

Surface tension refers to how water molecules on the surface of the water bond more strongly with the other molecules on the surface because they are not completely surrounded by water.

80
Q

Water has a property called adhesion. What it do?

A

Adhesion is the bonding of a water molecule to another substance.

This happens because hydrogen bonds are special in that they shatter and rebond a lot.

This ongoing change of connection allows a part of the molecules in a sample to stick to another susbtance.

This causes capillary action, which allows liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space.
Examples of this are stems and blood vessels.

81
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of 2 or more substances that has the same composition throughout?

82
Q

What is an ion?

A

An electrically charged atom or molecule?

83
Q

What is acidity?

A

The concentration of hydronium atoms.
If a solution has a HIGHER concentration of hydronium ions than pure water, it has a pH LOWER than 7. A solution with a pH lower than 7 is called an ACID.

84
Q

What is a base?

A

A solution with a LOWER concentration of hydronium ions than water. If this solution has a pH level HIGHER than 7, it is a BASE.

85
Q

An element is a _______?

A

pure substance that cannot be broken down into other types of substances.

There are 120 known elements.

86
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons.

87
Q

How many bonds do? H, O, N, C, and S have

A

H 1
O 2
N 3
C 4
S 5

88
Q

WHAT IS ELECTRONEGATIVTY?

A

Electronegativity refers to the tendency for atoms to bind electrons.

89
Q
A

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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