Chapter 17 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards
What is the cardiovascular system?
A system of organs that carries materials around the body. Things carried include oxygen nutrients from digestive system, hormones, and waste materials.
What is the heart?
An organ made of mostly cardiac tissue that pumps the blood.
The heart has 4 chambers:
1. right atrium
2. right ventricle
3. left atrium
4. left ventricle
Anatomy of the heart
Aorta
Aortic valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
What are blood vessels comparable to?
The blood vessels of the cardiovascular system are like a network of interconnected, one-way roads that range from superhighways to back alleys. Like a network of roads, the blood vessels have the job of allowing the transport of materials from one place to another. There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What are arteries?
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (except for the arteries that actually supply blood to the heart muscle). Most arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, and one of their main functions is distributing oxygen to tissues throughout the body. The smallest arteries are called arterioles.
What are veins?
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The smallest veins are called venules.
What are capillaries?
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. As they pass through tissues, they exchange substances including oxygen with cells.
What are the 2 blood circulations?
The pulmonary circulation involves only the heart and lungs and the major blood vessels that connect them. . .Blood moves through the pulmonary circulation from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again, becoming oxygenated in the process.
Systemic Circulation: The oxygenated blood that enters the left atrium of the heart in the pulmonary circulation then passes into the systemic circulation. This is the part of the cardiovascular system that transports blood to and from all of the tissues of the body to provide oxygen and nutrients and pick up wastes.
What is the body’s largest artery?
The Aorta
Is blood a connective tissue? Y/N?
Yes!
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all the body’s cells, and it carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells to be excreted. Blood also transports many other substances, defends the body against infection, repairs body tissues, and controls the body’s pH, among other functions.
Functions of blood
-Carry oxygen + Nutrients + Carbon Dioxide
-Transports various substances
-Defends body against infection
-Repair body tissues
-Control pH
How big is a normal adult human heart?
A normal adult heart is about the size of a fist.
How many layers makeup the wall of the heart?
The wall of the heart is made up of three layers, called the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.
What is the endocardium?
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart wall. It is made up primarily of simple epithelial cells. It covers the heart chambers and valves. A thin layer of connective tissue joins the endocardium to the myocardium.
What is the myocardium?
The myocardium is the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall. It consists of cardiac muscle surrounded by a framework of collagen. There are two types of cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium: pacemaker cells, which have the ability to contract easily; and pacemaker cells, which conduct electrical impulses that cause the cardiomyocytes to contract. About 99 percent of cardiac muscle cells are cardiomyocytes, and the remaining 1 percent is pacemaker cells. The myocardium is supplied with blood vessels and nerve fibers via the pericardium.
What is the epicardium?
The epicardium is the third layer which is a part of pericardium, a protective sac that encloses and protects the heart. The pericardium consists of two membranes (visceral pericardium called epicardium and parietal pericardium), between which there is a fluid-filled cavity. The fluid helps to cushion the heart and also lubricates its outer surface.
Another name for ventricles:
Discharging chambers.
The ventricles are also referred to as discharging chambers because blood leaving the heart passes out through these two chambers. The right ventricle discharges blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left ventricle discharges blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.
What separates the 4 chambers of the heart?
Dense connective tissue made mostly of collagen.
How many valves does the heart have?
4
tricuspid valve, which allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
pulmonary valve, which allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
aortic valve, which allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.
What is another name for the tricuspid and mitral valves?
The tricuspid and mitral valves are also called atrioventricular (or AV) valves because they are found between the atrium and the ventricle.
What is another name for the pulmonary and aortic valves?
The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called semilunar valves because they are shaped like half-moons.
What do coronary arteries do?
Coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle cells.
What do coronary veins do?
Coronary veins remove deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles cells.
What is the cardiac cycle?
The cardiac cycle refers to a single complete heartbeat, which includes one iteration of the lub and dub sounds heard through a stethoscope. During the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles work in a coordinated fashion so that blood is pumped efficiently through and out of the heart. The cardiac cycle includes two parts, called diastole and systole.
What are the 2 parts of the Cardiac cycle?
Diastole and Systole
During diastole, the atria contract and pump blood into the ventricles, while the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria.
During systole, the atria relax and collect blood from the lungs and body, while the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.
What is the normal, rhythmic beating of the heart called?
The Sinus Rhythm.
What makes the Sinus Rhythm?
The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called sinus rhythm. It is established by the heart’s pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then the signals travel to the atrioventricular node and from there to the ventricles, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the autonomic nervous system and hormones from the endocrine system can also influence heartbeat.
Why are veins called capacitance blood vessels?
Veins are called capacitance blood vessels because the majority (about 60 percent) of the body’s total volume of blood is contained within veins.
2 largest veins in body?
The two largest veins in the body are the superior vena cava, which carries blood from the upper body directly to the right atrium of the heart, and the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower body directly to the right atrium.
What are the smallest veins in the body called?
Venules
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body?
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the cardiovascular system. They are so small that only one red blood cell at a time can squeeze through a capillary, and then only if the red blood cell deforms. Capillaries connect arterioles and venules. . .Capillaries generally form a branching network of vessels, called a capillary bed, that provides a large surface area for the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.
What is a lumen?
Not a measurement of brightness in this case!
A lumen in the body is the internal space within a blood vessel through which blood flows.
What are the 3 layers of the walls of arteries and veins?
The Tunica Intima
The Tunica Media
The Tunica Externa