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APO509 - CELLULAR AND TRANSFUSION SCIENCE > WEEK 2: Integumaentr > Flashcards

WEEK 2: Integumaentr Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 types of skin?

A

thick (palm and sole), thin

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2
Q

what are some differences between thick and thin skin?

A

Thick skin has a thinner dermis than thin skin, and does not contain hairs, sebaceous glands, or apocrine sweat glands.

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3
Q

list functions of the skin. (6)

A

*Barrier: physical, chemical and biological agents

*Immunologic: antigen processing to the appropriate effector cells in the lymphatic system

*Homeostasis: body temperature and water loss

*Conveys sensory information: about the external environment to the nervous system

*Endocrine: secreting hormones, cytokines and growth factors and converting precursor molecules into hormonally active molecules vitamin D

*Excretion: sweat

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4
Q

what are the integument layers?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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5
Q

what does the epidermis consist of?

A

consists of:
- stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
- several layers (stratum)
- melanin pigment – colour of skin

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6
Q

what does the dermis consist of?

A

blood/lymph vessels
appendages
nerves
sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

what does the hypodermis consist of?

A

(not considered part of the skin)
layer of the subcutaneous loose connective tissue
presence of adipose tissue

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8
Q

what are the 6 layers of the epidermis? come lets get sun burn ! CLGSB

A

1) stratum corneum - dead keratized cells
2) stratum lucidum - thick skin only, clear layer of dead skin cells
3) stratum granulosum - cells about to die
4) stratum spinosum - maturing and slowly dying cells, keratinocytes produce keratin filaments
5) stratum basale - stem cells that are capable of differentiation

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9
Q

which layer does not exist in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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10
Q

how does the epidermis obtain nutrients?

A

there are no blood vessels in the epidermis, so cells get their nutrients from connective tissue below because the cells of this outermost layer are dead.

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11
Q

which layer does tattoo ink go to?

A

dermis

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12
Q

what cells comprise the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel

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13
Q

what percentage of keratinocytes make up the epidermis?

A

~ 85%

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14
Q

where do keratinocytes originate?

A

stratum basale

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15
Q

what are the 2 essential functions of keratinocytes?

A

to produce keratins (cytokeratins)
to participate in the formation of epidermal water barrier

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16
Q

describe the life cycle of keratinocytes.

A

_ the basal cell layer origiinate new cells with keratin filaments
- as cells mature, they move upwards
- In the upper part of the spinous layer, the cells begin to produce keratohyalin granules and glycolipid-containing lamellar bodies to form the water barrier
- pH is low enough to digest desmosomal proteins promoting detachment of the most superficial layer of keratinocytes.

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17
Q

describe the process of epidermal cell differentiation. (4)

A

*Division of stem cells in the stratum basale.
*Newly formed cells move upward as they differentiate into keratinized cells.
*Keratinized cell are lost by exfoliation on the skin surface.
*The process takes 47 days and it is maintained in equilibrium (cell divisions vs cell loss)

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18
Q

how long is the normal epidermal turnover time?

A

~47 days

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19
Q

how long is the epidermal turnover time in psoriasis?

A

8 to 10 days

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20
Q

what is the main function of Merkel’s cells?

A

to detect touch sensations

21
Q

where are Merkel cells most abundant?

A

where sensory perception is acute (fingertips)

22
Q

what is a primary role of keratin filaments?

A

to resist chemical stresses and assist the cell in maintaining a polarized cytoarchitecture

23
Q

describe the structure of the Merkel cell.

A

*Have desmosomes and contain keratin filaments
*Nucleus is lobed
*Cytoplasm contains neurosecretory granules
*Closely associated with the expanded terminal bulb of afferent myelinated nerve fibres = merkel’s corpuscle

24
Q

what determines skin colour?

A

amount of melanin present

25
Q

what ability do darken skin individuals show?

A

they have slower melanin degradation

26
Q

what is the function of melanin?

A

to protect cells DNA against damaging effects of UV radiation.

27
Q

what is albinism?

A

Inability of melanocytes to synthetize melanin

28
Q

what is the inability of melanocytes to synthetize melanin called?

A

albinism

29
Q

what is virtiligo?

A

The degeneration and disappearance of entire melanocyte

30
Q

what is the the degeneration and disappearance of entire melanocyte called?

A

virtiligo

31
Q

what is a melanoma?

A

Tumor formed by proliferation of melanocytes

32
Q

how is a darker colour produced in the skin?

A

Increased number of melanocytes in a small area leads to increased production in melanin in the area

33
Q

where do Langerhans cells originate?

A

common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

34
Q

what is the main function of Langerhans cells?

A

They are antigen presenting cells. They encounter, process and express antigens. Migrates to the lymph node to present the antigen to T-lymphocytes.

35
Q

what are epithelial appendages?

A

Epithelial appendages are derivatives of epithelia that elaborate to form specialized structures and functions. They are outgrowths of the epidermis and extend into the dermis.

36
Q

.what are the 3 epithelial appendages?

A

1.Hair follicle and hair
2.Nails
3.Glands

37
Q

what is the function of the sebaceous gland?

A

to hydrate hair follicle. The sebaceous secretion is rich in lipid.

38
Q

what does the pilosebaceous unit consists of?

A

the hair shaft, the hair follicle, the sebaceous gland, and the erector pili muscle

39
Q

how is hair colour determined?

A

Colour is determined by the amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes in the bulb

40
Q

what are the 3 layers of hair?

A

medulla (middle), cortex, cuticle (outer layer)

41
Q

what kind of cells make up the cortex layer of the hair?

A

cuboidal cells undergo differentiation into keratin-filled cells

42
Q

what kind of cells make up the cuticle layer of the hair?

A

squamous cells that form the outermost layer

43
Q

the skin has 3 types of glands. These are…

A

*Sebaceous
*Eccrine(sweat)
*Apocrine (sweat)

44
Q

where are eccrine sweat glands distributed?

A

they are distributed over the entire body surface. They are especially numerous in the thick skin of the hands and feet.

45
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands distributed?

A

they are localized in the armpit and perineum.

46
Q

what cells do nails consist of?

A

Hard plates of epidermal keratinized cells

47
Q

what are the skin sensorial receptors?

A

free nerve endings
Merkel’s corpuscle
encapsulated nerve endings

48
Q

what is Merkel’s corpuscle?

A

a dendritic cell for cutaneous sensation, such as the fingertips.

APO509 - CELLULAR AND TRANSFUSION SCIENCE (18 decks)

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