Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APO509 - CELLULAR AND TRANSFUSION SCIENCE > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which part of the respiratory system does respiration begin to occur?

A

respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory system?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is included in the respiratory portion?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is phonation?

A

phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of the turbinate?

A

it humidifies and cleanses the air breathed in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the vestibule? what is the structure of it?

A

it is the nose opening leading into the nasal cavity. It has a cartilage framework and short firm hairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cells is the vestibular composed of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what cells is the respiratory region composed of?

A

respiratory epithelium. This is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are the capillaries arranged in the nasal respiratory region?

A

they are lined up perpendicular to the airflow which warms the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what cells is the olfactory region composed of?

A

it is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with four types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the olfactory region located?

A

it is found at the roof of nasal cavity and the superior nasal conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to the turbinates during infection?

A

they inflame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is rhinitis/coryza? how is it caused?

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane, it can be caused by allergic reactions or viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the pathophysiology of rhinitis?

A

*Capillaries that reside near the surface of the lamina propria become engorged
*Lamina propria becomes distended with fluid *Marked swelling of the mucous membrane *Restriction of the air passage
*Breathing difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the olfactory (Bowman’s) glands?

A

these glands produce a serous fluid that bathes the olfactory cilia and serves as a solvent to dissolve the odour molecules for detection by the olfactory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is in the serous secretion of the olfactory glands?

A

lysozyme and IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 4 types of cells is the olfactory epithelium made up of?

A

1.Olfactory receptor cells
2.Supportive
3.Brush cells
4.Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what 5 types of cells is the respiratory epithelium made of?

A

1.Ciliated columnar cells
2.Mucus cells
3.Brush cells
4.Small granule
5.Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the lysozyme of the serous secretion of the olfactory glands do?

A

it breaks the particles into smaller particles and are then taken by olfactory receptor cells that are connected to axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of basal cells?

A

stem cells that regenerate all other cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of goblet/mucous cells?

A

to secrete mucin granules to create a protective mucus barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function of ciliated columnar cells?

A

sweeping motion helps expel particles trapped in the mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of small granule cells?

A

enteroendocrine cells secrete catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of brush cells?

A

synapse with afferent nerves for sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is Kartagener syndrome also known as?

A

ciliary dyskinesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is Kartagener syndrome?

A

a genetic disorder involving the mutation in genes that code for ciliary protein dynein and results in situs inversus, and recurrent sinus and pulmonary infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is situs inversus

A

Situs inversus is a rare genetic condition in which the organs in your chest and abdomen are positioned in a mirror image of normal human anatomy. This organ reversal is a result of faulty migration during embryogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why does dyskinesia result in recurrent sinus and pulmonary infections?

A

cilia does not work properly and mucus is accumulated which could contain pathogens

29
Q

what is the larynx?

A

the tubular region between the pharynx and trachea

30
Q

what type of cartilage is the larynx made of?

A

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

31
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

air conduction and phonation

32
Q

what are the 2 types of folds that make up the structure of the larynx?

A

the vestibular and vocal folds

33
Q

what is the function of vocal folds?

A

to produce sound

34
Q

what cells make up the vocal folds? Why are there many layers?

A

stratified squamous cells and muscle. There are many layers because there is a lot of friction with air

35
Q

what cells make up the vestibular folds?

A

respiratory epithelium

36
Q

what is lamina propria?

A

loose connective tissue

37
Q

what four layers make up the trachea?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. cartilaginous layer
  4. adventitia
38
Q

what makes up the mucosa of the trachea?

A

– RE - Respiratory epithelium
– LP- lamina propria→ loose connective tissue
– Longitudinal elastic fibres in deep LP

39
Q

what makes up the submucosa of the trachea?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Seromucous glands
40
Q

what makes up the cartilaginous layer of the trachea?

A
  • C-shaped hyaline -open posteriorly “gap” between free cartilage ends is completed by a fibroelastic membrane and trachealis muscle (smooth)
41
Q

what makes up the adventitia of the trachea?

A
  • Connective tissue- binds trachea to adjacent structures
42
Q

how many primary bronchi are there?

A

2

43
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there?

A

the right lung has 3 and the left has 2

44
Q

how many tertiary bronchi are there?

A

eight tertiary bronchi in the left lung and ten tertiary bronchi in the right

45
Q

what 5 layers make up the bronchi?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscular layer
  3. submucosa
  4. cartilage layer
  5. adventitia
46
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

A change of a cell to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.

47
Q

who is at risk for metaplasia?

A

smokers

48
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

A change of an increased number of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.

49
Q

Metaplasia leads to dysplasia. What can dysplasia lead to?

A

neoplasia or squamous cell carcinoma

50
Q

describe the epithelium of the bronchioles. Large to small.

A

Larger bronchioles: Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar that transition into simple ciliated columnar (Goblet cells present)Smaller bronchioles (Terminal and Respiratory):simple cuboidal with secretory club.

They become more simple as the structure gets smaller.

51
Q

is cartilage present in large bronchioles?

A

yes

52
Q

is cartilage present in small bronchioles?

A

no, but may be present slightly at branching points

53
Q

what is the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma?

A

Airway obstruction occurs due to
o Increased mucus
o Increased smooth muscle (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)
o Bronchiolar wall inflammation

54
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchial asthma?

A

short breath, wheezing and coughing

55
Q

how is bronchial asthma treated?

A

albuterol, corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory) and anticholinergic medications which relax smooth muscles

56
Q

what are 3 typical changes that occur as the respiratory tract descends? (5)

A
  • loss of cartilage
  • loss of mucous glands
  • loss of goblet cells
  • loss of cilia
  • cells become progressively flattened
57
Q

what is included in the respiratory portion?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
58
Q

what cells make up the alveolar epithelium?

A

type I and type II pneumocytes

59
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Type I pneumocytes cover 90% of the internal surface of each alveolus.
These cells are thin and squamous, ideal for gas exchange.
They share a basement membrane with pulmonary capillary endothelium, forming the air-blood barrier where gas exchange occurs.

60
Q

what are type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Type II pneumocytes are identified as the synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant, which has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability.

Lung surfactant can reduce the surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse and the airway walls collapse.

61
Q

what is alveolar surfactant regulated by?

A

cortisol , insulin, thyroxin and prolactin

62
Q

when is an adequate amount of surfactant produced in foetuses?

A

after 35th week of gestation

63
Q

what is the interalveolar septum?

A

The alveolar septum separates adjacent alveoli in lung tissue.
The air blood barrier.

64
Q

what are the pores of Kohn?

A

The pores of Kohn are apertures in the alveolar septum, which allow the communication of two adjacent alveoli.

65
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. IRRIVERSIBLE

66
Q

what is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulties.

67
Q

what is emphysema? What causes it?

A

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. Large alveolar airspaces giving reduced functional efficiency

68
Q

how do neutrophils play a role in the pathophysiology of emphysema?

A
  • Neutrophils release proteases including elastase, which breakdown elastic fibres in the small airways
  • Serum Alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) counteracts the elastase activity.
69
Q

how does smoking make emphysema worse?

A
  • Persistent smoking elevates the neutrophils and elastase levels → increased destruction of elastic fibres → leads to permanent dilation of airways
70
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

CF is inherited in autosomal recessive disease. It is caused by the mutation of both copies of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein and chloride channel.

APO509 - CELLULAR AND TRANSFUSION SCIENCE (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions