Week 2

Question 1

What are some ways to describe behaviour?

Answer 1

Survey
Lab experiments
Naturalistic observations
Case studies

Question 2

Correlation designs

Answer 2

Used to measure relationship between two variables

Question 3

Cause and Effect

Answer 3

Experimental methods, to show how one thing affects another

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An idea, or concept model, that is designed to explain existing facts or make predictions about new facts that might be discovered

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

a statement, usually designed to be tested by an experiment that tentatively expresses a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more events.

Question 6

5 Principle steps of scientific methods

Answer 6

1) Formulate a hypothesis
2) Design a study
3) Collect the data
4) Analyze the data and obtain results
5) Draw conclusions from the results; develop new hypothesis with the result or share your findings

Question 7

Elements of a Good Experiment

Answer 7

1) Clear connection between actions, observations and conclusions
2) Relationship between the variables to determine if one influences another
3) Control over the variables in the experiment
4) Make sure your experiment is revolved around validity, reliability and generalizability

Question 8

Ethical Issues in Research

Answer 8

1) The participant’s safety
2) The benefits outweigh the risk
3) Informed consent is obtained
4) Lack of coercion
5) Privacy

Question 9

Proper Procedures for Participant Selection

Answer 9

The sample should be representative of the population through random selection
The participants should be assigned to groups through randomization

Question 10

Observer Expectancy Effect

Answer 10

Experimental confound variable where the research unintentionally manipulates the participant’s behaviour which causes the results to be biased and in favour of the researcher

Question 11

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 11

purpose is to summarize the data in a meaningful way, making it easy to understand and interpret

Question 12

Central Tendency

Answer 12

Uses mean, median and mode, if all 3 are similar, then the data is typical

Question 13

Measures of Variability

Answer 13

Measurement that is used to describe the difference between the values of variables from the same sample of data
It is used to compare the mean of two different groups

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter

Question 15

Dependent Variable

Answer 15

Variable that is measured by the experimenter or the outcome because it changes based on manipulation of the independent variable

Question 16

When does a result have objectivity

Answer 16

A result is objective if it is observable and not based on emotions or personal points of views

Question 17

Operational Definiton

Answer 17

When you’re able to define a concept through an observable or measurable way

Question 18

Generalization

Answer 18

The ability for a set of results from one experiment to be applied to another

Question 19

Validity

Answer 19

When an experiment measures what it is intended to measure, whether or not it has confound variable and the accuracy of the operational definition of the variable

Question 20

Reliability

Answer 20

A finding that is consistent through multiple experimenters and not by chance

Question 21

Standard Deviation

Answer 21

The extent to which scores in a data set are different from the mean

Question 22

Range

Answer 22

The difference between the largest and smallest score

Question 23

What are inferential statistics

Answer 23

Used to determine what the data means and are used to determine how reliable the data is. It can also be used to apply the data to a larger population from where it was taken from.

Question 24

Statistical Significance

Answer 24

the chance that the observed relationship between two variables are real and not by chance or luck

• For example there might be an increase in wages for those who exercise, that’s a correlation but not necessarily a causation

Question 25

What is the significance of the difference between two mean groups

Answer 25

If the difference between the two means are significant, it means that there is a likely change the independent variable affects the result, if it is small, it is probably from luck

Question 26

Measurement of Relations

Answer 26

Uses correlation coefficient to measure how related two variables are

0 means no relation whereas 1.0 means there is a perfect relationship between two variables