Week 12

Question 1

What are the three stages to memory? And what happens during the three stages?

Answer 1

encoding- process of perceptions, feelings, and thoughts turning into memory.
storage- the process of maintaining information and memory over time
retrieval- process of bringing memories back to the mind

Question 2

What did Wilder Penfield compare memory to and why?

Answer 2

He related it to a tape recorder, because of his experimentation on the human brain, in which he discovered that if you stimulate certain places in the brain then the person will vividly remember recollections of feelings, perceptions, and thoughts.

Question 3

What are mnemonics?

Answer 3

Techniques or strategies consciously employed to help remember things

Question 4

What did Sir Frederic Bartlett claim/discover about memory?

Answer 4

Bartlett claims that we only remember bits & pieces of memories, but we complete these memories with fabrications using our knowledge and common sense.

Question 5

What is the levels of processing effect?

Answer 5

The levels of processing effect is the fact that we remember things at different amounts if we associate the thing we are trying to remember with different things– if you associate a word with its meaning you will remember it better than if you associate a word with the sound of the word (semantic>acoustic>structural)

Question 6

What is elaborative encoding?

Answer 6

Elaborative encoding is relating past knowledge to the thing you are trying to remember, It is the best way to remember.

Question 7

Describe sensory memory?

Answer 7

Holds sensory information for a very short time after the stimulus has been removed. There are two types : visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic)

Question 8

Describe Short-term or working memory (according to Alan Baddeley)?

Answer 8

Memory used to achieve current goals There re different types of short term memory: Phonological short term memory is pertaining to verbal information, and Visual short term memory - pertaining to vision

Question 9

If you are trying to remember a sequence of things then where in that sequence are you more likely to .remember the things?

Answer 9

You are more likely to remember the things at the beginning of the sequence due to primacy effect, you are also more likely to remember the things near the end of a sequence due to recency efffect. You are not likely to remember things in the middle because there is interference from the beginning and end

Question 10

What is procedural memory? Is it implicit or explicit?

Answer 10

Procedural memory is remembering how to do things like riding a bike, and it is implicit, which means it is hard to describe how to do it you just do

Question 11

What is semantic memory?

Answer 11

Semantic memory is remembering knowledge, facts and concepts, and it is an explicit form of memory, meaning you can recall the stuff you remember and retell it

Question 12

What is episodic memory?

Answer 12

Memory of personal experience, it is associated with a particular time and place. It is an explicit form of memory, you can recall exactly what happened and retell what you remember

Question 13

What is priming?

Answer 13

Priming is the effect on past experiences on current experiences, and specifically what you perceive and remember about those experiences

Question 14

Give an example of chunking (chunking is a mnemonic device).

Answer 14

if you are trying to remember a list of groceries, and you organize the list into groups of different types of food. ie fuit, cereals, dairy products etc. or if you are trying to remember a group of numbers and you organize them by even #s and odd #’s

Question 15

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 15

When you are not able to transfer memory from short term memory to long term memory ( similar to Dory from Finding Nemo)

Question 16

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 16

when you are not able to remember information before a particular date

Question 17

What is a retrieval cue? and give an example

Answer 17

A cue that helps you retrieve information from your memory. If you are trying to remember the name of something and someone gives you the first letter.

Question 18

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

Answer 18

Recall is when you remember the information or memory without any cues. Recognition is when you have some retrieval cues and you remember the information

Question 19

What is the saving effect

Answer 19

Saving effect is the fact that you will learn something better the second time you learn it even if you cannot remember what it is, or how to do it, at all

Question 20

what is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 20

the encoding specificity principle is the fact that effective retrieval cues are linked to how info was initially encoded, and the encoding setting is similar to the retrieval setting makes it easier.

Question 21

Memory fades with time, what is this called?

Answer 21

Transcience

Question 22

The forgetting curve- what does it look like?

Answer 22

Memory decays quickly at first, but than it becomes more and more gradual. (Ebbinghaus)

Question 23

The mental to-do list is part of what memory?

Answer 23

Prospective memory

Question 24

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also called what?

Answer 24

Blocking- memory that you know you have but you temporarily cannot retrieve

Question 25

When you assign a memory to the wrong source what is it called?

Answer 25

Memory misattribution. You can have memory misattribution with the source of teh memory or who you have told the memory to (destination memory)

Question 26

What is Suggestibilty? and how does it effect interrogation of witness tactics?

Answer 26

the change of memories because of suggestion. When police officers interrogate witnesses they refrain from using retrieval cues or suggesting the suspect because then they might convince the witness that they remember the suspect to be the killer when it is not the case.

Question 27

Describe the role of the hippocampus in memory.

Answer 27

The hippocampus is key in the transfer of elaboarative and explicit memory from short term to long term. It does not store memory. Procedural memory is not transferred to long term memory through the hippocampus. and some semantic memory finds ways to be stored through other ways aswell (only a little)

Question 28

Give an example of memory bias

Answer 28

when you become friends with someone and this changes your memory of your first impression of this person