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Psychology 101 > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Shows brain structures as they would be see from the front

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2
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Shows brain structures as they would be seen from above

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3
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side

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4
Q

Ventricular System

A

Ventricles form four hollow interconnected chambers in the brain, which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) are the largest, and are located in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The 3rd and 4th ventricles lie along the midline in a vertical orientation. CSF is manufactured by the choroid plexus, which protrudes into all four ventricles

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5
Q

Major Divisions in the Nervous System

A

The nervous system of the brain can be divided into several areas: The forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, which can be further broken down into development areas

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6
Q

Forebrain

A

The most dorsal division of the brain, consisting of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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7
Q

Telencephalon Division

A

The largest division of the brain, consisting of the cerebral hemispheres, the Limbic system and the Basal Ganglia

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8
Q

Diencephalon Division

A

Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

The middle division of the brain, located dorsal to the hindbrain and ventral to the forebrain

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10
Q

Mesencephalon Division

A

Located in the midbrain, this division includes superior and inferior colliculi, nuclei involved in visual and auditory processing, respectively

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11
Q

Hindbrain

A

The most caudal division of the brain. The metencephalon and myelencephalon comprise the hindbrain

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12
Q

Metencephalon

A

Part of the hindbrain, the Pons and Cerebellum are located here

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13
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Part of the hindbrain, located above the spinal column at the base of the brain

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14
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outermost sheath of the cerebrum, divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal cortexes

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Parietal Lobes are concerned with receiving sensory information and with perception, such as awareness of right and left sides of the body, and the position of the body in space. The parietal lobes are important in understanding what is said. Nerve fibres carrying visual information pass through these lobes

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Frontal lobes are the location for our conscious thinking and our emotions. They have many other functions, such as initiating movements and speech, storing memories, exercising impulses, control in social and sexual behaviour, initiating activity, and in judgement. The sense of smell also depends on the frontal lobes.

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17
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The Occipital Lobes main function concerns vision. Light energy is converted by the receptor cells of the eye into electric impulses which travel along the nerve fibres and cells of the visual pathway, finally reaching nerve cells of the occipital cortex. On receiving these impulses and sending them to visual association areas of the brain concerned with object recognition and other aspects of vision, making the conscious experience of seeing possible

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18
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The Temporal Lobe has many important functions which include storage of memories, the experience of strong emotions, and smell and taste. The temporal lobe is the destination of the auditory pathway which transmits impulses from the inner ear to the brain. Some fibres of the visual pathway pass through the temporal lobe. The temporal lobe plays a role in orientation and appreciation of time

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19
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The corpus callosum is a band of more than 200 million myelinated axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is the largest cerebral commisure and carries information between the left and right hemisphere

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20
Q

Limbic System

A

The limbic system is located in a circle around the thalamus. This system is involved in regulation of emotion and motivated behaviours related to survival of organisms: feeding, fighting, flight, sexual behaviour, etc. The limbic system includes: the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Additional components of this system include the fornix and the septum

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21
Q

Hippocampus

A

The hippocampus is the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions.

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23
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

The basal ganglia are involved in the control of movement. Composed of three separate structures: The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. The caudate and putamen together are referred to as the striatum

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

The thalamus is a double-lobed midline structure which is functionally divided into several nuclei: The lateral geniculate nucleus, part of the visual system. The medial geniculate necleus, part of the auditory system

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The Hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, it organizes behaviours related to the survival of the species. It is located under the thalamus, as prefix ‘hypo’ implies

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26
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The pituitary gland is attached to the base of the hypothalamus. Most of the hormones secreted by this gland control other endocrine glands. It has been called the “Master Gland”

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27
Q

Medulla

A

Contains part of the reticular activating system (RAS) including nuclei that control vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone

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28
Q

Pons gland

A

Pons gland contains a portion of the reticular activating system

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

the cerebellum Integrates visual, auditory, vestibular and somatosensory information as well as information about individual muscle movements. The cerebellum exerts a coordinating & smoothing effect on movements

30
Q

Lateralization of Function

A

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions

31
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change throughout life

32
Q

Cell Assembly

A

System of interconnected neurons that activates in a specific dynamic pattern; activation of part of the cell assembly sends signals that activate the remainder of its components

33
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input

34
Q

Dualism

A

The philosophical belief that reality consists of two distinct entities: mind and matter (body)

35
Q

Materialism

A

Philosophical belief that reality can be known only through an understanding of the physical world of which the mind is a part

36
Q

Physicalism

A

The view that everything that exists is no more extensive than its physical properties

37
Q

Monism

A

The view that only one kind of substance exists

38
Q

Global Workspace Theory of Consciousness

A

Proposes that the brain’s working memory is a global workspace that serves to integrate, access, and coordinate the functioning of large numbers of specialized brain circuits

39
Q

Neural Correlates

A

Minimal neuronal mechanisms required to produce a specific conscious precept

40
Q

Blindsight

A

The ability to interact behaviourally with objects while remaining consciously unaware of them

41
Q

Vegetative State

A

Describes a person who is awake and shows sleep-wake cycles but shows no signs of being aware of himself or his environment. He is unable to interact with others and shows no evidence of reproducible voluntary responses to any kind of external stimulus

42
Q

Minimally Conscious State

A

Condition of severely altered consciousness where there is minimal evidence of any form of awareness. To be classified as minimally conscious, patients have to show some evidence of reproducible voluntary behaviour, such as responding to simple commands

43
Q

Brain Death

A

Irreversible unconsciousness with complete loss of brain function

44
Q

Locked-in Syndrome

A

Condition in which an individual is fully conscious, but all the voluntary muscles of the body are completely paralyzed, with the possible exception of the muscles controlling eye movement

45
Q

Contingency

A

Causal link between events

46
Q

Restoration Theory

A

Sleep is essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes that keep the body and mind healthy and properly functioning.

47
Q

Preservation and protection theory of sleep

A

A theory that holds that sleep serves an adaptive function. It protects the animal during that portion of the 24-hour day in which being awake, and hence roaming around, would place the individual at greatest risk.

48
Q

Consolidation

A

Conversion of information from short-term memory to long-term memory

49
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Measurement and graphical presentation of the electrical activity in the brain, recorded by means of electrodes attached to the skin

50
Q

Alpha activity

A

Neural activity in the range of 8-12 Hz

51
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep

A

Period of sleep during which dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur and the EEG shows beta activity

52
Q

Theta Activity

A

Electrical activity of the brain that is in the 3.5 to 7.5 Hz range

53
Q

Delta Activity

A

Electrical activity of the brain with a frequency of less than 3.5 cycles per second

54
Q

Slow-Wave Sleep

A

Sleep other than REM sleep, characterized by regular, slow waves on an electroencephalograph

55
Q

Beta Activity

A

High-frequency neural oscillations in the range of 15-30 Hz, or 15-30 cycles per second. This activity characterizes an alert, wakeful state of consciousness

56
Q

REM atonia

A

Lack of muscle response during dreams

57
Q

Parasomnia

A

Sleeping disorder category involving abnormal movements, perceptions or dreams during any stage of sleep

58
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

Sleep is restorative, preservative, protective, and essential for robust, efficient, long-term memory, and even more benefits.

59
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Two different auditory stimuli (usually speech) are presented to the participant simultaneously, one to each ear

60
Q

Filter model of attention

A

According to the filter model, attention is a filter on incoming sensory information. Only sensory signals that pass through the filter go on to be processed further

61
Q

Visual Search

A

Common task of looking for something in a cluttered visual environment

62
Q

Conjunction Search

A

Each item in the visual array must be examined to determine if it is the target stimulus

63
Q

Singleton Searches

A

All items in the search can be identified at the same time

64
Q

Feature-integration theory of attention

A

This theory holds that simple features are processed quickly and sorted into features. If combinations of features must be examined, then extra cognition and attention is required, slowing the process.

65
Q

Attentional Blink

A

The second of two targets cannot be detected or identified when it appears close in time to the first

66
Q

Rapid, Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

A

A technique of displaying information rapidly and sequentially for identification of a target object

67
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to detect a change when vision is interrupted by a saccade (rapid eye movement) or an artificially produced obstruction

68
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to perceive an event when attention is diverted elsewhere

69
Q

Bistable Stimuli

A

Ambiguous stimuli with more than one possible interpretation.

Psychology 101 (12 decks)

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