Week 2 Flashcards
found a way to stain nerve cells with silver salts
Camillo Golgi
enabled the researchers to examine the structure of a single cell
Camillo Golgi
he concluded that the fibers of the brain all link together and that the brain is like a mesh without separate cells
Camillo Golgi
Pioneer of Neuroscience
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
concluded that the brain consists of individual cells
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
concluded that nerve cells remain separate instead of merging into one another; a small gap separates the tip of the neuron’s fiber from the surface of the next neuron
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
contains the chromosomes
nucleus
a chemical that forms the chromosomes
DNA
synthesize new protein molecules
ribosomes
a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations; RIBOSOMES attach to this
endoplasmic reticulum
performs metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell uses for activities
mitochondrion/ mitochondria
they have their genes, separate from those in the nucleus of a cell
mitochondria
inherited in the cytoplasm of the egg cell; therefore, inherited from biological mother
mitochondria
brain activity requires energy and is therefore dependent on ________ ________ ________
good mitochondrial functioning
decreased mitochondrial function means what?
- decreased mental energy
- high probability of depression
impairments of mitochondria are linked to?:
- increased severity of epilepsy
- Alzheimer’s
- Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases
convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands; vary enormously in size, shape, and functions
neurons
generally smaller than neurons; have many functions but they do not convey information over great distances
the glia
the adult human brain contains approximately ___ _______ neurons on average
86 billion
receives excitation through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle
motor neuron
specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as touch
sensory neuron
branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
dendrites
where dendrites receive information from other neurons
specialized synaptic receptors
short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapse
dendritic spines
contains the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria; covered with synapses
cell body or soma (plural: somata)
thin fiber of constant diameter
axon
conveys impulse to other neurons, an organ or a muscle
axon
releases chemicals that cross to another cell
axon
insulating material that covers the axon
myelin sheath
TRUE OR FALSE:
a neuron can have many axons but only one dendrite which may have branches.
FALSE. a neuron can have many dendrites but only one axon which may have branches.
the end swelling in dendrites
presynaptic terminal (end bulb or bouton)
brings information into a structure
afferent axon
carries information away from a structure
efferent axon
every _________ _________ is an afferent to the nervous system
sensory neuron
every _________ _________ is an efferent from the nervous system
motor neuron
if a cell’s dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure
interneuron or intrinsic neuron
greek word meaning “glue”
glia
enhance and modify the activity of neurons in many ways
glia (neuroglia)
star-shaped wrap around the dendrites connecting to functionally related axons
astrocytes
shields dendrites from chemicals circulating in the surround
astrocytes
helps synchronize closely related neurons, enabling their axons to send messages in waves
astrocytes
important for generating rhythms of breathing
astrocytes
tiny cells act as part of the immune system, removing viruses and fungi from the brain. it proliferates after brain damage
microglia
popular hypothesis where the tip of an axon released chemicals that cause the neighboring astrocyte to release its own chemicals, thus modifying the message to the next neuron
tripartite synapse
in some brain areas astrocytes respond to hormones and thereby influence neurons
tripartite synapse
astrocytes control critical period for modification of the visual cortex early in life
tripartite synapse
the mechanisms that exclude most chemicals from the vertebrate brain
blood-brain barrier
the brain cannot replace damaged neurons
blood-brain barrier
vertebrate brain cells depend almost entirely on ________
glucose
to use glucose, the body needs ___________ and ___________
vitamin B1, thiamine
deficiency in ___________ are common in chronic alcoholism, leads to death of neurons
thiamine
a condition marked by memory impairments which a deficiency in thiamine leads to
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
cells that influence behavior that are not genetically implanted in the body that influence brain activity
the gut bacteria
“guests” that include many species that vary from person to person
gut bacteria
gut bacteria stimulates the ______ ________ that runs from the intestines to the brain
vagus nerve
gut bacteria release chemicals that cross the lining of the intestines and enter the blood. chemicals include _________ and ______ ________.
vitamins and amino acids
TRUE OR FALSE:
the amount and type of chemicals that bacteria release affect mood and motivation (motivation for food, sex, socialization, and abused drugs).
TRUE.
increases the type of bacteria that cause inflammation and mitochondrial damage
stress
people with this condition tend to have more of bacteria as well as less of the bacteria with anti-inflammatory effects
people with depression
TRUE OR FALSE:
some antidepressant drugs attack bacteria.
TRUE.
TRUE OR FALSE:
removing too many of intestinal bacteria causes a decrease in anxiety and depression.
FALSE. it causes an increase.
side effects of antibiotics often include ___________ and __________
depression and anxiety
diet supplements that contain “good” bacteria; some authorities recommend them as part of the treatment program for depression
probiotics
