M3: Week 13 - Schizophrenia Flashcards
IDENTIFICATION:
He introduced the term SCHIZOPHRENIA in 1911
Eugen Bleuler
IDENTIFICATION:
Split between the emotional and
intellectual aspects of experience.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
IDENTIFICATION:
Schizophrenia’s original term is __________ ___________, which is Latin for ‘premature mental deterioration’
dementia praecox
TRUE OR FALSE:
About 7 to 8 people per 1,000 will develop schizophrenia at some point in life.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Schizophrenia occurs more often in women than in men.
FALSE; it occurs more often in men
IDENTIFICATION:
The first diagnosis of Schizophrenia usually occurs in
(1. ___________), and mild problems
usually begin in (2. ____________) including deficits in attention,
memory and impulse control.
- Early Adulthood
- Childhood
ENUMERATION:
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Disorganized behavior
IDENTIFICATION:
behaviors that are present that
should be absent
Disorganized Behavior
ENUMERATION:
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Weak emotional expression,
speech, and socialization
IDENTIFICATION:
Absent behaviors that should be present
Weak emotional expression,
speech, and socialization
TRUE OR FALSE:
Negative symptoms are generally stable over time and difficult to treat.
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia
Abuse of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, or psychedelics an produce hallucinations or delusions.
Substance Abuse
TRUE OR FALSE:
Uncorrected Hearing Deficits is more likely than schizophrenia to produce visual hallucinations.
FALSE; it is Substance Abuse
IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia
Damage or tumors in the temporal or prefrontal cortex can produce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Brain Damage
IDENTIFICATION: Conditions that resemble Schizophrenia
Someone with impaired hearing might think everyone else is whispering and worry, “They’re whispering about me!”
Uncorrected Hearing Deficits
TRUE OR FALSE:
Delusions of persecution can develop in Uncorrected Hearing Deficits
TRUE
ENUMERATION:
What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disordered Thinking
- Motor Symptoms
IDENTIFICATION:
Uncommon type of schizophrenia which includes motor abnormalities
Catatonic Schizophrenia
TRUE OR FALSE:
A mixture of psychological and motor symptoms could represent either schizophrenia or Huntington’s disease.
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
can produce hallucinations and delusions
Niacin Deficiency
IDENTIFICATION:
________ symptoms can also arise from allergies to gluten or milk proteins, or from pathogens that irritate the digestive tract
Schizophrenic Symptoms
IDENTIFICATION:
controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development, production of dendritic spines, the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus, and learning.
DISCI (disrupted in schizophrenia
1)
IDENTIFICATION:
the loss of a small
part of a chromosome
Microdeletion
TRUE OR FALSE:
Thousands of genetic loci are
found for schizophrenia.
FALSE; it’s hundreds of genetic loci
TRUE OR FALSE:
Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance (agreement) for schizophrenia than do dizygotic twins.
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
A few rare genes are known to greatly increase the risk of schizophrenia, mostly by disrupting the __________ __ __________ _____ or by interfering with the immune system.
development of GLUTAMATE synapses
IDENTIFICATION:
prenatal or neonatal difficulties—of either genetic or environmental origin — can produce abnormalities in the developing brain that predispose to schizophrenia (Weinberger, 1996).
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
IDENTIFICATION:
The ___________ _________ _____, an area often impaired in schizophrenia, is one of the slowest brain areas to mature.
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
TRUE OR FALSE:
the effects of brain damage were minimal at age 2 year because the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex doesn’t do much at that age anyway.
FALSE; it is minimal at age 1 year
IDENTIFICATION:
Impairment and later symptoms are the _____ ____ ___________
two-hit hypothesis
IDENTIFICATION:
It is the result of a combination of a genetic predisposition and impacts from the environment in prenatal/neonatal development, later in life, or both (Bayer et al., 1999).
Schizophrenia
IDENTIFICATION:
the tendency for people born in winter to have a slightly increased probability of developing schizophrenia.
season-of-birth effect
TRUE OR FALSE:
In season-of-birth effect, the tendency is more pronounced in latitudes far from the equator
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
A _________ _______ ________ can also activate microglia that impair mitochondria and synapse formation. (Park et al., 2020).
prenatal immune reaction
IDENTIFICATION:
This parasite reproduces only in cats, but people can be exposed to it by handling infected cats, by playing in soil or sand where cats have defecated, or by eating chicken or pork after those animals were fed in infected soil.
Toxoplasma Gondii
TRUE OR FALSE:
Traumatic experiences early in life impair the ability of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to produce its usual negative feedback relationship.
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
It is a fluid-filled with spaces within the brain
Enlarged Ventricles
IDENTIFICATION:
relieves the positive symptoms of schizophrenia for most patients.
chlorpromazine (trade name
Thorazine)
IDENTIFICATION:
Other antipsychotic, or neuroleptic, drugs occur in two chemical families. What are they?
- phenothiazines
- butyrophenones
TRUE OR FALSE: Antipsychotic Drugs
About 50 percent of patients can stop taking the drugs after the first episode without a return of symptoms.
FALSE; about 20 percent of patients
IDENTIFICATION:
Each of these drugs blocks dopamine synapses, specifically _________
type D2 receptors.
IDENTIFICATION: Newer Antipsychotic Drugs
Newer Antipsychotic Drugs also block dopamine neurons in the __________ ________ that project to the basal ganglia,
mesostriatal system
IDENTIFICATION: Newer Antipsychotic Drugs
Drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their benefits by acting on neurons in the ____________ _______
mesolimbocortical system
IDENTIFICATION:
It is characterized by tremors and other involuntary movements
Tardive Dyskinesia
TRUE OR FALSE:
Once tardive dyskinesia emerges, it persists long after antipsychotics, or atypiter someone quits the drug (Kiriakakis et al., 1998).
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
It relieve schizophrenic symptoms with less risk of movement problems.
Second-Generation Antipsychotics
IDENTIFICATION:
What are the most common drugs in second-generation antipsychotics?
- Clozapine
- Risperidone
IDENTIFICATION:
They act mainly at dopamine type 2 receptors, avoid both the movement problems and the weight gain.
Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs
TRUE OR FALSE:
First-Generation Drugs somewhat help with the negative and cognitive symptoms.
FALSE; it is Second-Generation Drugs
TRUE OR FALSE:
The increased glutamate can also increase dopamine release, which is responsible for the negative symptoms
FALSE; it is responsible for the positive symptoms
IDENTIFICATION: Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
A tendency toward schizophrenia begins with __________ __________ ___ ______ _____ in the hippocampus, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental forces.
Reduced Activity of NMDA Receptors
IDENTIFICATION:
This hypothesis states that schizophrenia results at least in part from a dysfunction of glutamate transmission
Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
TRUE OR FALSE
Excessive Glutamate release can overstimulate neurons and thereby kill them.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Many studies report that living in a crowded city correlates with schizophrenia
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
The incidence of schizophrenia is also elevated among people who immigrate from one country to another
TRUE
IDENTIFICATION:
This hypothesis states that schizophrenia results from excess activity at dopamine synapses in certain brain areas.
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
TRUE OR FALSE:
Abuse of amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine
(which all increase dopamine at the synapses) can induce substance- induced psychotic disorder, characterized by hallucinations, and delusions.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Abnormalities
People with schizophrenia has an impaired prefrontal cortex
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Abnormalities
several connections among the brain areas are weaker than average
TRUE
ENUMERATION:
What are the brain scan characteristics of people with schizophrenia?
- Less than average gray matter in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and other areas.
- White Matter Reduction
- Enlarged Ventricles
- Impaired Prefrontal Cortex
TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Speech becomes clear when perform memory tasks.
FALSE; it becomes less clear
TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Impairments of attention and working memory
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Deficits in pursuit eye movements — the ability to keep the eyes on a moving target
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse during childhood increases the risk and the probable severity of later schizophrenia.
TRUE
