M3: Week 11 - Lateralization and Language Flashcards
The ______ hemisphere of the cerebral cortex connects to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.
left
The _______ hemisphere connects to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the left side.
right
_______ hemispheres control the trunk muscles and facial muscles.
Both
- The _____ hemisphere sees the right half of the visual field.
- The ______ hemisphere sees the left half of the visual field.
left ; right
Each hemisphere gets auditory information from both ears but slightly stronger information from the __________________
contralateral ear
_______ and ______ are uncrossed.
Taste and smell
Each hemisphere gets taste information from both sides of the ______ and smell information from the ______ on its own side.
tongue ; nostril
Left hemisphere is dominant for ________________ in more than 95% of the right handers and nearly 80% of left handers.
speech production
The right hemisphere does not produce _________ but understands it
speech
division of labor between the two brain hemispheres.
LATERALIZATION
sets of axons that exchange information from the left and right hemisphere of the brain and coordinate movement on both sides.
CORPUS CALLOSUM
It is larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people. Also larger on the left side in most infants
PLANUM TEMPORALE
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
_____-month-old children activate the left hemisphere more than the right when they listen to speech, and not when they listen to music
2
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
Young children activate the ______ hemisphere during speech more than adults do.
right
TRUE or FALSE
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
As they grow older, most of them gradually suppress the right hemisphere during speech and emphasize the left hemisphere
TRUE
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
In rare cases, a child does not develop a _____________ both hemispheres remain active during speech throughout life.
corpus callosum
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
Smaller differences are found between left and right hemispheres of chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. Evidently, the specialization we see in the human brain built upon specializations present in our ________ ancestors of long ago.
apelike
TRUE or FALSE
PLANUM TEMPORALE:
The left hemisphere is predisposed to dominate for speech, and ordinarily it gradually suppresses the speech capacity of the right hemisphere.
TRUE
The hemispheres connect to the eyes such that each hemisphere sees the opposite half of the visual world.
VISUAL & AUDITORY CONNECTIONS
TRUE or FALSE
Both of your eyes face forward and see both halves of the world. In humans, each hemisphere is connected to half of each eye.
TRUE
Light from the right half of the _____________ (what one sees) strikes the left half of each retina, which connects to the left hemisphere, enabling it to see the right visual field.
VISUAL FIELD
_________ from the left visual field strikes the right half of each retina, which connects to the right hemisphere.
Light
A vertical strip down the center of each retina, covering about ____ degrees of visual arc, connects to both hemispheres
5
approximately half of the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm
“optic cross”
TRUE or FALSE
In rabbits and other species with eyes far to the side of the head, the left eye connects to the right hemisphere, and the right eye connects to the left
TRUE
The ____________ is organized differently.
AUDITORY SYSTEM
Each _______ sends some of the information to both sides of the brain because any brain area that contributes to localizing sounds must compare input from both ears.
ear
Each ________ pays more attention to the ear on the opposite side.
hemisphere
those who have undergone surgery to the corpus callosum, maintain their intellect and motivation, they walk and talk normally and they use their hands together on familiar tasks such as tying shoes. However, they struggle to use the hands together on tasks that they have not previously practiced.
SPLIT-BRAIN SYNDROME
When a small amount of information travels between the hemispheres through several smaller commissures, some persons with split-brain get enough information to give a partial description of what the right hemisphere saw (Berlucchi et al., 1997; Forster and Corballis, 2000).
Occasional exceptions
The ___________ develops slowly, behaviors of young children occasionally resemble those of split-brain adults.
corpus callosum
In one study, 3-and 5-year-old children were asked to feel two fabrics, either with one hand at two times or with two hands at the same time, and say whether the materials felt the same or different. The 5-year-olds did equally well with one hand as with two. The 3-year-olds made 90 percent more errors with two hands than with one (Galin et al., 1979).
The likely interpretation is that the _____________ matures sufficiently between ages 3 and 5 to facilitate the comparison of stimuli between the two hands.
corpus callosum
When the right hemisphere does something, the left hemisphere doesn’t know why; rather, it invents an explanation.
split hemispheres
____________ (Michael Gazzaniga, 2000) the tendency of the left hemisphere to invent and defend explanations for actions, even when the true casues are unconscious..
INTERPRETER
The ________ hemisphere is more responsive than the _______ is to the emotional tone of communication, which people express with gestures and tone of voice (Adolphs et al., 2002; Godfrey and Grimshaw, 2016).
right ; left
People with damage to the right hemisphere usually fail to understand _______ and ________ (Beeman and Chiarello, 1998; Rosen et al., 2002).
humor and sarcasm
_________ mood tends to correlate with left-hemisphere activity, and __________ is associated with increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex (Davidson, 1984; Jesulola et al., 2015).
Happier ; depression
Increased _______-hemisphere activity is also common in people who have recovered from depression, implying that it is a long-term predisposing factor rather than a reaction to depression (Vuga et al., 2006).
right
Most people gaze to the right during ________ tasks, suggesting left hemisphere dominance, but most individuals with depression gaze to the ______ (lenhard and Katkin, 1986)
verbal ; left
TRUE or FALSE
People with intact left hemispheres relied on the left hemisphere’s analysis of what people were saying. Those with left-hemisphere damage relied on the right hemisphere’s more intuitive reactions to emotional expressions.
TRUE
When the right hemisphere is _________, people do not experience strong emotions and do not even remember feeling them. (Ross et al., 1994)
inactive
TRUE or FALSE
The hemispheres are specialized for different functions
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Certain tasks evoke greater activity in one hemisphere or the other.
TRUE
Generally, when people say, “I am right-brained,” their only evidence is that they perform well on creative tasks or poorly on logical tasks. Saying, “I am right-brained” sometimes implies that because I do poorly on logical tasks, therefore, I am creative. Unfortunately, illogical is not the same as creative.
OVERSTATEMENTS
_______ animals communicate through visual, auditory, tactile, or chemical displays.
Nonhuman
TRUE or FALSE
Probably all vertebrates can learn the meanings of sounds.
TRUE
Many birds can imitate a sequence of ________, and so can elephants, whales, and dolphins. At least some of the elements of language are widespread in the animal kingdom (Jarvis, 2019).
sounds
The main thing that distinguishes human language from other species’ communication is __________, the ability to improvise unlimited combinations of signals to represent new ideas.
productivity
A ________ might have one alarm call to indicate an eagle in the air and another for a snake on the ground, but it has no way to indicate an eagle on
the ground or a snake in the tree (Cheney and Seyfarth, 2005).
monkey
___________ achieved better results by teaching ASL (American Sign Language) or other visual communication systems.
Chimpanzees
They use symbols in new original combinations mainly to request, seldom to describe.
Chimpanzees
____________________resemble humans more than other primates do.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They developed language comprehension comparable to that of a typical 2 - 2 1/2 year old child.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They understand more than they could produce
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They followed unfamiliar, unlikely directions such as ‘throw your ball in the river’
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They used symbols to name and describe objects even when they were not requesting them.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They occasionally used symbols to describe past events.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
They demonstrate creativity.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
A bonobo named ________ asked, “Want milk sugar.”
Her trainer replied, “No, I’d get in so much trouble. Here’s some milk.”
The bonobo replied, “Milk, sugar. Secret.”
Panbanisha
They have more language potential than common chimpanzees.
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
________ began language training when young.
Bonobos
The method of training: Learning by _________ and __________ (as humans do) promotes better language understanding than the formal training methods that previous studies used (Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1992).
observation and imitation
NONPRIMATES:
______ learn to understand words, sometimes a remarkable number.
Dogs
NONPRIMATES:
Dog’s left hemisphere responds to ______, whereas the right hemisphere responds to the emotional tone of _______.
words ; voice
NONPRIMATES:
_________, famous for imitating sounds
Parrots
NONPRIMATES:
________ can use sounds meaningfully when in a stimulating environment
Parrots
Language evolved from communication by _______ (Corballis, 2012)
gestures
Most theories fall into two categories:
- We evolved it as a by-product of overall brain development
- We evolved it as a specialization.
We communicate just by _________ (podcast or other recording), ______ (reading)
sound ; visual
___________________ combines sounds with gestures, postures, and facial expressions.
Normal face-to-face communication
We ordinarily accompany speech with _________, even if talking on a telephone, when the listener cannot see the gestures.
gestures
Other primates communicate largely by gestures, supplemented with ________.
sounds
TRUE or FALSE
Children begin gesturing in the first year of life, and their use of gestures predicts how soon they will develop spoken language (Iverson and Goldin-Meadow, 2005).
TRUE
_______ gestures may be particularly important.
Mouth
_______ use several mouth gestures to communicate, including a lip-smacking gesture, which has a rhythm similar to speech.
Monkeys
________ are known to watch one another’s mouth movements, especially when another is vocalizing, and it is plausible that the combination of sound plus mouth gesture could have been a precursor to spoken language (Ghazanfar, 2013).
Monkeys
Language developed as an accidental by-product of increased _________ that we evolved.
intelligence
People with average intelligence may have __________________.
impaired language
A person with an intellectual impairment may have _______ language.
good
a condition affecting about 1 person in 20,000, traceable to the loss of a gene that influences connections and myelin formation in the brain.
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
They have intellectual impairment, although some are within the normal range. Difficulty with attention, numbers, visuomotor skills (copying a drawing), and spatial perception (finding their way home).
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
Many develop surprisingly better language than one might expect based on their other intellectual performance. Though they may sill have difficulty handling language perfectly.
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
_________ as a specialized brain mechanism.
Language
_____________________ (Noam Chomsky & Steven Pinker) a built-in mechanism for acquiring language.
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
TRUE or FALSE
Most children develop language so quickly and easily.
TRUE
________ children quickly learn sign language, and if no one teaches them a sign language, they invent one and teach it to one another.
deaf
regulates a protein that promotes synapse formation in the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.
FOXP2 gene
differs from the chimpanzee version of that gene in just two bases, but those two mutations modified the human brain, jaw, and throat in ways that facilitate language development (Konopka et al., 2009).
FOXP2 gene
The _______ cortex that controls the vocal cords has greater connections to the rest of the cortex than in monkeys (Kumar et al., 2016)
motor
The greater connections enable more complex and detailed control of sound production. A change in the structure of the _________ also enables humans to increase the complexity of our sound production (Nishimura et al., 2022).
larynx
___________ relates to the long period of dependency in childhood.
Language
_________________ among people, including those between parents and children, favored the evolution of language.
Social interactions
_____________ may be a by-product of language development more than language is a by-product of intelligence (Deacon, 1992, 1997).
Overall intelligence
___________ is a sensitive period for language development.
Childhood
_______ have no trouble memorizing the vocabulary of a second language, but ________ have a great advantage in mastering grammar and pronunciation.
Adults ; children
It takes ________ to master a second language just as it does for the first.
decades
Those who started a second language at any age up to about ________ eventually achieved similar proficiency levels.
10-12
the ability to learn a foreign grammar started declining after age _______ and people who started a second language after age ______ “ran out of time” to master the grammar before they reached that cutoff (Hartshorne et al., 2018)
17-18 ; 10–12
Children who begin ____________ while still young learn much better than those who start later (Corina et al., 2020; Harley and Wang, 1997).
sign language
TRUE or FALSE
A deaf child who learns sign language early can learn a spoken language later (although the pronunciation is generally poor), but a child who learns no language cannot.
TRUE
___________ may have permanent impairment or difficulties at learning any kind of language (Mayberry et al., 2002).
Young adults
Those who do not begin learning sign language until after ________________ do not even activate the usual language areas of the brain when they communicate (Mayberry et al., 2018).
early adolescence
Nonfluent Aphasia
BROCA’S APHASIA
a condition that makes it difficult to speak fluently.
BROCA’S APHASIA (Nonfluent Aphasia)
impaired on all uses of language, including gestures and sign language.
BROCA’S APHASIA (Nonfluent Aphasia)
relates to language, not the vocal muscles
BROCA’S APHASIA (Nonfluent Aphasia)
Helps to organize speech, but it doesn’t produce it.
BROCA’S APHASIA (Nonfluent Aphasia)
Speech is typically meaningful but sparse. They generally omit pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary (helping verbs), quantifiers, and tense and number endings.
BROCA’S APHASIA (Nonfluent Aphasia)
People with _____________ understand most speech, except when the meaning depends on prepositions, word endings, or complex grammar–the same items that they omit when speaking.
Broca’s aphasia
____________, a French surgeon, examined patients’ brains with aphasia (language impairment) and found damage in the same area, which became known as Broca’s AREA.
Paul Broca
Later studies suggest that the original cases of Broca’s aphasia had damage extending deeper into the brain, including the ___________.
basal ganglia
Today, we know that language relies on several parts of the cortex including the right hemisphere as well as parts of the __________, ________, and ___________.
thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
deleting its prepositions, conjunctions, articles, helping verbs, pronouns, and word endings to see how it
might appear to someone with _____________.
Broca’s aphasia
People with Broca’s aphasia have not lost their knowledge of __________.
grammar
TRUE or FALSE
People with Broca’s aphasia generally recognize that something is wrong with the sentence “He written has songs,” even if they cannot say how to improve it (Wul-feck and Bates, 1991).
TRUE
In many ways, people with Broca’s aphasia—comprehension problem is just an ___________ of a tendency found in all of us.
exaggeration
TRUE or FALSE
all of us sometimes guess at the meaning and ignore the grammar, and even more so if we are not sure we heard it well.
TRUE
Patients with Broca’s aphasia just rely on _____________ more often.
logical guesses
Fluent Aphasia
WERNICKE’S APHASIA
Carl Wernicke (pronounced WER-nih-kee by most English speakers, although the German pronunciation is VAYR-nih-keh), discovered ___________.
fluent aphasia
Damage in part of the _____________________ produced a different kind of language impairment. Although patients could speak and write, their language comprehension was poor.
left temporal cortex
Damage in and around Wernicke’s area, located near the _____________, produces Wernicke’s aphasia, characterized by poor language comprehension and impaired ability to remember the names of objects.
auditory cortex
It is also known as fluent aphasia because the person can still speak __________.
smoothly
As with Broca’s aphasia, the symptoms and brain damage vary, and the damage generally extends into the __________ and __________.
thalamus and basal ganglia
We use the term Wernicke’s aphasia, or fluent aphasia, to describe a certain pattern of behavior, regardless of the location of damage. characteristics:
- Articulate speech
- Difficulty finding the right word
- Poor language comprehension
Those with Wernicke’s aphasia speak fluently, except when pausing to try to think of the name of something. They have no trouble with prepositions, conjunctions, or grammar.
Articulate speech
People with Wernicke’s aphasia have anomia (ay-NOME-ee-uh), difficulty recalling the names of objects.
Difficulty finding the right word
They make up names (e.g., “thingamajig”), substitute one name for another, and use roundabout expressions such as “the thing that we used to do with the thing that was like the other one.” When they do manage to find some of the right words, they might arrange them improperly, such as, “The Astros listened to the radio tonight” (instead of “I listened to the Astros on the radio tonight”) (R. C. Martin and Blossom-Stach, 1986).
Difficulty finding the right word
People with Wernicke’s aphasia have trouble understanding speech, writing, and sign language. Impaired comprehension relates closely to difficulty remembering the names of objects.
Poor language comprehension
Comprehension of a second language also depends on the left hemisphere just as much as it does for a monolingual person.
BILINGUALISM
People who are bilingual since infancy, hemispheric control to second language comprehension is variable.
BILINGUALISM
Individual differences are prominent in the ability to learn languages with apparent ease.
BILINGUALISM
Biological basis is not known.
BILINGUALISM
Impairment of reading by someone with adequate vision, motivation, cognitive skills and educational opportunity.
DYSLEXIA
more common in boys than girls
DYSLEXIA
it exhibits high heritability although no common genetic variant has a large effect.
DYSLEXIA
_____________ is common in English which as so many words with irregular spellings.
DYSLEXIA
____________ occurs in all languages and it always pertain to a difficulty converting symbols into sounds.
DYSLEXIA
Many studies have reported abnormalities in the left hemisphere for people with ___________ even early in life, before children would be taught to read.
DYSLEXIA
a special area of the temporal cortex, adjacent to the area most responsible for facial recognition.
VISUAL WORD FORM AREA
more active in the left hemisphere.
VISUAL WORD FORM AREA
as people learn to read, this area becomes highly responsive to written words. Also responds to Braille.
VISUAL WORD FORM AREA
Different people have different kinds of reading problems, and no one explanation works for all.
DYSLEXIA
TRUE or FALSE
People can have auditory problems, impaired control of eye movements, or both (Judge et al., 2006).
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Some people have trouble sounding out words, so they try to memorize each word as a whole, and other people sound out words well enough but have trouble remembering all the irregularly spelled words (Flynn and Boder, 1991).
TRUE
Hearing problems are common among people with _________, but not the kind of problem that could be corrected with hearing aids.
dyslexia
Even some good musicians have ____________.
dyslexia
The problem is impaired ____________, such as low accuracy at noting whether two sequences of tones, separated in time, were the same or different (Weiss et al., 2014).
auditory memory
Many people with dyslexia have trouble detecting the temporal order of _______, such as noticing the difference between beep-click-buzz and beep-buzz-click (Farmer and Klein, 1995; Kujala et al., 2000; Nagarajan et al., 1999).
sounds
These results suggest a problem with how the brain handles auditory information, not a problem with the auditory information itself.
dyslexia
Many people with dyslexia also have alterations of ___________ (Facoetti et al., 2010).
attention
Most people find it easier to read the letters close to the fixation point, but many people with ________ are unusually adept at identifying letters well to the right of the fixation point.
dyslexia
When they focus on a word, they are worse than average at reading it but better than average at perceiving letters __________ degrees to the right of it (Geiger et al., 1992; Lorusso et al., 2004).
That kind of attentional focus would certainly confuse attempts at reading (De Luca et al., 1999).
5-10
TRUE or FALSE
In many cases, people with dyslexia also have difficulties when letters are too crowded together (Gori and Facoetti, 2015).
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Dyslexia can result from a variety of problems
TRUE
