M2 Assessment Flashcards
Sleeping pills increase both the amplitude and frequency of __.
Delta waves
Increasing sensitivity to a drug is called ___.
Drug sensitization
Impedes axon regrowth because the chemical Chondroitins is called __.
Scar tissue
Stage of restorative sleep.
N3
Progressive damage in various areas of the brain causes neurons in several areas of the brain to die.
Dementia
Neurodegenerative diseases are not permanent and are treatable with medical advances.
False
The dominant zeitgeber among land animals.
Light
Neurodegenerative diseases are instant, fast damage that destroys parts of the nervous system.
False
Involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep that comes every 20 to 30 seconds and lasts for minutes or hours during NREM sleep.
Periodic limb movement disorder
Devon is very adventurous and always wanting to try out new things. He started taking drugs out of curiosity. He finds positive effects of the drugs on his work as an artist. After 3 years of being addicted, he was convinced to go to rehab. After successful rehab, old friends invited him for a pot session, which he couldn’t resist. Identify the stages of addiction.
Initial, novelty seeking; habitual incentive-sensitization; Relapse, exposure to cues
The leading cause of preventable death in the world is __
Tobacco
A combination of EEG and eye movement records.
Polysomnography
Conditions that alternate between sleep and moderate but no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.
Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
People may dream across the stages in their sleep.
True
The slowest brain waves primarily occur during deep sleep.
Delta waves
Impaired ability to breathe while sleeping.
Sleep apnea
The neurodiversity paradigm states that ‘there is nothing to cure’
True
Difficulty forming new memories or recalling information learned since onset of amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
According to __ dreams originate from the brain’s motivations, memories, and arousal.
Neurocognitive model
Disruption of circadian rhythms after crossing time zones.
Jet lag
Drug that breaks up blood clots
tPA
Melanopsin sends strong signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the hypothalamus when exposed to ___
Short-wavelength (bluish) light
Neurodegenerative diseases are preventable when you take good care of your body.
False
A blood clot or obstruction in the artery interrupts the normal blood flow to a brain area.
Ischemia
Symptoms often involve slowed movements, shaking, and balance problems due to the damage to specific neurons in the brain that help manage coordination and precise control of muscle movements.
Parkinsonism type disease
The preferred route of drug administration.
Oral ingestion
Result of a ruptured artery where neurons are flooded with blood and excess oxygen and other chemicals causing accumulation of fluid.
Hemorrhage
Participating in novel activities stimulates neuroplasticity.
True
Cocaine can be administered through ___
mucous membrane
The ability of the brain to adapt or change over time by creating new neurons and building new networks.
Neuroplasticity
Hibernation of animals is an example of ___
Circannual Rhythm
Caused by psychological trauma or stress that may cause difficulty recalling personal information or specific events.
Dissociative amnesia
While the SCN is the master clock, peripheral clocks exist in other organs such as the liver, heart, and gut.
True
The stage of sleep when the person is hardest to wake.
N3
Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality often happen at the onset of sleep.
Hypnogogic hallucinations
Sharp waves that stand out from background brain wave patterns appear during stage 2 sleep.
K-complexes
The capacity to be shaped, molded, or altered.
Plasticity
Night owl adolescents and adults are reported to be happier on average.
False
Dreaming but not remembering any content
White dream
Disease that involves myelin damage that affects sending and relaying nerve signals.
Demyelinating disease
Universal experience that older children and adults remember little of what happened in their first few years, particularly episodic memory.
Infantile amnesia
The biological clock is important for energy use and hormone regulation.
True
___ alters perceptions that can induce experiences of derealization and depersonalization
LSD
___ terminate the actions of most drugs through the liver.
Enzymes
The creation of new brain cells
Neurogenesis
Stress can alter the expression of genes related to addiction. This is an example of ___
Epigenetic vulnerabilities
Refers to the idea that neurological differences seen in autism reflect normal variations in brain development
Neurodiversity
Increases the future probability of the response
Reinforcer
Results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to the site of action.
Metabolic tolerance
Neurons continue to transmit sensory information about the body part that they previously controlled.
Phantom limb syndrome
Thinking about a drug can evoke conditioned compensatory responses; this is called ___
Interoceptive stimuli
Substance and behavioral addiction are coexisting.
True
__ depends on highly synchronized sharp waves that transfer information from the hippocampus or thalamus to the parietal and frontal cortex that happens during sleep and relaxed wakefulness.
Knowledge storage
A dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information. What kind of biological perspective?
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Brain waves that is common when awake but relaxed just before falling asleep.
Alpha waves
The decreased activity of surviving neurons due to the damage of other neurons is called __
Diaschisis
Losing muscle control causes weakness and eventually paralysis
Motor neuron disease
Participating in novel activities stimulates neuroplasticity.
True
Marked by a period of forgetfulness, confusion, slow thinking, and impaired concentration.
Brain fog
A small branch of the optic nerve from the retina to the SCN alters the SCN setting.
Retinohypothalmic path
Stage of sleep where there are short bursts of activity called sigma waves and k-complexes.
N2
If you forget something in the STM, it is lost but can be retrieved, but with LTM, a hint might help you reconstruct something you thought you had forgotten.
False
Weakens the BDNF or brain-derived neurotropic factor.
Stress
Jill is aware that she is dreaming. It was a pretty good dream, and she wanted to add on to the theme of the dream. She woke up great. Jill is having a ____.
Lucid dream
Sudden elimination of a drug can trigger an adverse physiological reaction; this is called ___.
Withdrawal syndrome
Parkinson’s disease can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, while Huntington’s is an inherited disorder caused by genetic abnormality.
True
Artificial lighting is as good in resetting the biological clock.
False
Temporary paralysis of the muscles during REM
Atonia
Habitual drug use despite its adverse effects on health and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.
Drug addiction
Temporary memory loss lasting several hours, typically not associated with long-term memory problems.
Transient global amnesia
The effects of a stroke are immediately fatal.
False
___ induce other axons to form new branches that take over the vacant synapse
neurotrophins
A single exposure to the formerly misused drug can cause relapses. This is called __
Drug priming
When a drug is administered at doses that affect the nervous system function, natural adaptive changes occur to reduce its effects.
True
In classical conditioning, the __ that elicits no response is to be presented with ___ that would automatically elicit the ___.
CS; UCS; UCR
The most consumed illicit drug is ___.
Cannabis
