Week 18

Question 1

Adherence

Answer 1

the ability of a patient to maintain a health behaviour prescribed by a physician (medication as prescribed, exercising more, or eating less high-fat food)

Question 2

Behavioral medicine

Answer 2

integrates psychological factors (e.g., emotion, behaviour, cognition, and social factors) in the treatment of disease (occupational therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation or medicine, and preventative medicine)

Question 3

Biofeedback

Answer 3

The process by which physiological signals, not normally available to human perception, are transformed into easy-to-understand graphs or numbers. Individuals can then use this information to try to change bodily functioning (e.g., lower blood pressure, and reduce muscle tension).

Question 4

Biomedical Model of Health

Answer 4

A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality

Question 5

Biopsychosocial Model of Health

Answer 5

an approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes.

Question 6

Chronic disease

Answer 6

A health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months (e.g., HIV, asthma, diabetes)

Question 7

Daily hassles

Answer 7

Irritations in daily life that are not necessarily traumatic, but that cause difficulties and repeated stress

Question 8

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 8

Coping strategy aimed at reducing the negative emotions associated with a stressful event

Question 8

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 8

A three-phase model of stress, which includes a mobilization of physiological resources phase, a coping phase, and an exhaustion phase (i.e., when an organism fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes its resources)

Question 9

Health

Answer 9

According to the World Health Organization, it is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being

Question 10

Health behavior

Answer 10

Any behavior that is related to health—either good or bad

Question 11

Hostility

Answer 11

often includes cynical thoughts, feelings of emotion, and aggressive behavior

Question 12

Mind–body connection

Answer 12

the idea that our emotions and thoughts can affect how our body functions

Question 13

Problem-focused coping

Answer 13

A set of coping strategies aimed at improving or changing stressful situations

Question 14

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 14

A field of study examining the relationship among psychology, brain function, and immune function

Question 15

Psychosomatic medicine

Answer 15

An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time

Question 16

Resilience

Answer 16

• The ability to “bounce back” from negative situations
• In some cases, resilience may lead to better functioning following the negative experience

Question 17

Self-efficacy

Answer 17

The belief that one can perform adequately in a specific situation

Question 18

Social integration

Answer 18

The size of your social network, or number of social roles

Question 19

Stress

Answer 19

A pattern of physical and psychological responses in an organism after it perceives a threatening event that disturbs its homeostasis and taxes its abilities to cope with the event.

Question 20

Stressor

Answer 20

An event or stimulus that induces feelings of stress

Question 21

Type A Behavior

Answer 21

Type A behavior is characterized by impatience, competitiveness, neuroticism, hostility, and anger

Question 22

Type B Behavior

Answer 22

Type B behavior reflects the absence of Type A characteristics and is represented by less competitive, aggressive, and hostile behavior patterns

Question 23

Adaptation

Answer 23

The fact that after people first react to good or bad events, sometimes in a strong way, their feelings and reactions tend to dampen down over time and they return toward their original level of subjective well-being

Question 24

“Bottom-up” or external causes of happiness

Answer 24

Situational factors outside the person that influence his or her subjective well-being, such as good and bad events and circumstances such as health and wealth.

Question 25

Happiness

Answer 25

The popular word for subjective well-being. Scientists sometimes avoid using this term because it can refer to different things, such as feeling good, being satisfied, or even the causes of high subjective well-being

Question 26

Life satisfaction

Answer 26

A person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well, by whatever standards that person thinks are most important for a good life

Question 27

Subjective well-being

Answer 27

The name that scientists give to happiness—thinking and feeling that our lives are going very well

Question 28

Subjective well-being scales

Answer 28

Self-report surveys or questionnaires in which participants indicate their levels of subjective well-being, by responding to items with a number that indicates how well off they feel

Question 29

“Top-down” or internal causes of happiness

Answer 29

The person’s outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness—for example, their temperament or optimistic outlook on life.