Week 13 Flashcards
Cellular Regulation: Cancer
Well differentiated cells look a lot different than normal cells in structure and function T or F
FALSE
The TNM system is used to classify the tumor according to size, invasiveness, and spread in the body T or F
TRUE
Immunocompetence declines with aging, making older adults more susceptible to tumor development T or F
TRUE
Cancer can occur when DNA is altered and the body fails to stop the proliferation of these abnormal cells T or F
TRUE
DNA can be altered by hereditary gene mutations or exposure to carcinogens in the environment T or F
TRUE
Cancer patients commonly present with complaints of anorexia, fatigue, and weight loss T or F
TRUE
An unexpected pathologic disorder caused by the presence of cancer in the body
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Movement of tumor cells to travel in the lymph nodes and bloodstream to distant sites
Metastasis
Substances that give cancer cells the ability to develop new blood vessels
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Range from well to poorly differentiated, invasive and destructive to surrounding, can metastasis
Malignant
Mutated genes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cell proliferation and cycling
oncogenes
Well-differentiated, remain localized, cohesive, well-demarcated, cannot metastasis
Benign
Genes that function to restrain cell growth and control cellular apoptosis
Tumor Suppressor Gene
Genes that stimulate and regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle
Proto-oncogene
Lack of differentiation, total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and cell dysfunction
Anaplasia
A term that is used to describe the loss of body fat and body mass is …..
cancer cachexia
TNM system; T stands for ___, N stands for ____, M stands for ____
Tumor
Lymph nodes
Metastasis
Cell growth that resembles the tissues of origin in structure and function is ….
Well differentiated
Genes stimulate a regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle are called_____. Mutations of these genes are referred to as _______.
proto-oncogenes, oncogenes
Substances in the environment that can cause damage to DNA are called…
carcinogens
Certain malignancies can be caused when ______ insert their genes in to the host cell’s genome
Viruses
Tumor cells need sufficient access to nutrients, blood supply, and oxygen in order to grow. They are able to secrete ______ in order to develop new blood vessels
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Some tumors are able to secrete substances that cause unexpected pathological disorders. For example, some lung tumors secrete ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal gland to make excess cortisol. This is an example of …..
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Genes that regulate the cell cycle
proto-oncogene
Genes that guard against cancer formation and help promote apoptosis
tumor suppressor genes
oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes T or F
TRUE
What is it called when malignant cells are able to spread to another part of the body
metastasis
Well-differentiated cells look a lot different than normal cells T or F
FALSE
Malignant cells are usually poorly differentiated T or F
TRUE
Which of the following is NOT measured in the TNM Classification Tool
Tumor Size
Lymph Node Involvement
Metastasis
Differentiation
Differentiation
Which of the following staging classifications would indicate a small tumor, with no lymph node involvement and no metastasis?
T0 N0 M0
T1 N1 M1
T1 N1 M0
T1 N0 M0
T1 N0 M0
Which of the following examinations may be beneficial for early detection of prostate cancer?
A. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan
B. Digital rectal examination
C. Semen analysis
D. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) measurements
B, Digital Rectal Exam
