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Applied Patho > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

Cellular Regulation: Cancer

1
Q

Well differentiated cells look a lot different than normal cells in structure and function T or F

A

FALSE

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2
Q

The TNM system is used to classify the tumor according to size, invasiveness, and spread in the body T or F

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Immunocompetence declines with aging, making older adults more susceptible to tumor development T or F

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Cancer can occur when DNA is altered and the body fails to stop the proliferation of these abnormal cells T or F

A

TRUE

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5
Q

DNA can be altered by hereditary gene mutations or exposure to carcinogens in the environment T or F

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Cancer patients commonly present with complaints of anorexia, fatigue, and weight loss T or F

A

TRUE

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7
Q

An unexpected pathologic disorder caused by the presence of cancer in the body

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

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8
Q

Movement of tumor cells to travel in the lymph nodes and bloodstream to distant sites

A

Metastasis

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9
Q

Substances that give cancer cells the ability to develop new blood vessels

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

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10
Q

Range from well to poorly differentiated, invasive and destructive to surrounding, can metastasis

A

Malignant

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11
Q

Mutated genes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cell proliferation and cycling

A

oncogenes

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12
Q

Well-differentiated, remain localized, cohesive, well-demarcated, cannot metastasis

A

Benign

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13
Q

Genes that function to restrain cell growth and control cellular apoptosis

A

Tumor Suppressor Gene

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14
Q

Genes that stimulate and regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle

A

Proto-oncogene

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15
Q

Lack of differentiation, total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance, and cell dysfunction

A

Anaplasia

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16
Q

A term that is used to describe the loss of body fat and body mass is …..

A

cancer cachexia

17
Q

TNM system; T stands for ___, N stands for ____, M stands for ____

A

Tumor
Lymph nodes
Metastasis

18
Q

Cell growth that resembles the tissues of origin in structure and function is ….

A

Well differentiated

19
Q

Genes stimulate a regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle are called_____. Mutations of these genes are referred to as _______.

A

proto-oncogenes, oncogenes

20
Q

Substances in the environment that can cause damage to DNA are called…

A

carcinogens

21
Q

Certain malignancies can be caused when ______ insert their genes in to the host cell’s genome

A

Viruses

22
Q

Tumor cells need sufficient access to nutrients, blood supply, and oxygen in order to grow. They are able to secrete ______ in order to develop new blood vessels

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

23
Q

Some tumors are able to secrete substances that cause unexpected pathological disorders. For example, some lung tumors secrete ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal gland to make excess cortisol. This is an example of …..

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

24
Q

Genes that regulate the cell cycle

A

proto-oncogene

25
Q

Genes that guard against cancer formation and help promote apoptosis

A

tumor suppressor genes

26
Q

oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes T or F

A

TRUE

27
Q

What is it called when malignant cells are able to spread to another part of the body

A

metastasis

28
Q

Well-differentiated cells look a lot different than normal cells T or F

A

FALSE

29
Q

Malignant cells are usually poorly differentiated T or F

A

TRUE

30
Q

Which of the following is NOT measured in the TNM Classification Tool

Tumor Size
Lymph Node Involvement
Metastasis
Differentiation

A

Differentiation

31
Q

Which of the following staging classifications would indicate a small tumor, with no lymph node involvement and no metastasis?
T0 N0 M0
T1 N1 M1
T1 N1 M0
T1 N0 M0

A

T1 N0 M0

32
Q

Which of the following examinations may be beneficial for early detection of prostate cancer?
A. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan
B. Digital rectal examination
C. Semen analysis
D. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) measurements

A

B, Digital Rectal Exam

Applied Patho (11 decks)

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