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Applied Patho > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

weeks 1-15

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air through the pulmonary airways

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2
Q

Perfusion

A

movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Oxygenation

A

providing cells with oxygen

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5
Q

Ventilation+ perfusion+ diffusion= ?

A

Oxygenation

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6
Q

Perfusion without ventilation

A

blood goes to parts of the lung that DO NOT have oxygen to give
ex. pneumonia

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7
Q

ventilation without perfusion

A

Blood does NOT go to parts of the lung that have oxygen to give
ex. pulmonary embolism

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8
Q

Atelectasis

A

Alveoli collapse

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9
Q

Hypercapnia means

A

high carbon dioxide level in the blood

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10
Q

The lungs help regulate…..

A

carbon dioxide which is an acid

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11
Q

The kidney help regulate….

A

Bicarbonate which is a base

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12
Q

Low pH = what concentration of hydrogen ions & High pH= ?

A

high concentration= low pH
Low concentration high pH

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13
Q

Acidic lungs

A

increase ventilation, elimate CO2, and raise pH

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14
Q

Alkalotic lung

A

decrease ventilation, retain CO2, and lower pH

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15
Q

Alkalotic kidney

A

increase excretion, lower pH

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16
Q

Acidic kidney

A

increase reabsorption, raise pH

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17
Q

pH: 7.20
CO2: 38
HCO3: 3.17

A

uncompensated metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

pH: 7.5
CO2: 47
HCO3: 27

A

partially compensated metabolic alkalosis

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19
Q

pH: 7.42
CO2: 32
HCO3: 18

A

Fully compensated resp. alkalosis

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20
Q

what lung disease increases in resistance to airflow from the trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

obstructive lung disease

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21
Q

COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma are what lung disease

A

obstructive

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22
Q

What lung disease is characterized by reduced expansion and stiff lungs

A

restrictive lung disease

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23
Q

pneumonia, pulmonary edema, atelectasis are what type of lung disease

A

restrictive

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24
Q

______ is difficulty getting air out and ______ is difficulty getting air in

A

obstructive, restrictive

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25
Q

COPD pts drive to breathe

A

hypoxia instead of carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Hypoxia

A

low O2 in the tissues

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27
Q
  • persistant airway inflammation bronchial hyperreactivty causing obstruction
  • often hereditary
A

Asthma

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28
Q

cause of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both

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29
Q

Severe COPD leads to chronic…..

A

hypercapnia> stimulus to breathe is now hypxoia

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30
Q

Blue bloater is characterized with what disease

A

chronic bronchitis
- cyanosis, clubbing, hypoxia

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31
Q

pink puffer is characterized with what disease

A

emphysema
- barrel chest, chronic hypercapnia, excess air in lungs

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32
Q

Air in pleural space
- caused by trauma or infection
treatment: chest tube, needle decompression

A

Pneumothorax

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33
Q

Excess fluid within pleural space
- HF, renal failure, liver failure, infections
- treatment thoracentesis

A

Pleural Effusion

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34
Q

Roles of kidney

A
  • metabolism
  • waste elimination
  • control Blood pressure
  • regulate RBCs
  • vit D synthesis
  • manage electrolytes
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35
Q

Diagnostics for kidney dysfunction

A
  • urinalysis
  • BUN
  • Serum Creatine> gold standard
  • imaging studies
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36
Q

Treatments for kidney disease

A
  • medications (bicarb, beta blockers, epogen, diuretics)
  • dialysis (HD, PD, CRRT)
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37
Q

AKI four phases

A
  1. initial> injury to manifestation
  2. oliguria> retention of fluid
  3. diuresis> increased urine output
  4. recovery> final repair of damage
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38
Q

AKI: pre/ intra/post

A

pre: decreased perfusion> CHF, Shock, blood loss
intra: injury in the kidney itself
post: obstruction> stone, tumor

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39
Q

GFR (test used with kidneys)

A

how much blood is filtering through kidneys per minute

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40
Q

Clinical presentation of AKI

A
  • anemia
  • hypokalemia> bone breakdown & fracture
  • kidney can’t activate vit D
  • encephalopathy> confusion
  • thrombocytopenia> bleeding/ bruising
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41
Q

UTI 3 primary symptoms

A
  • urgency
  • frequency
  • burning sensation
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42
Q

untreated UTI can lead to….

A

Urosepsis

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43
Q

Risk factors for developing UTI

A
  • female> urethra closer to anus
  • incontinence
  • dehydration
  • obesity
  • being older
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44
Q

Risk factor for kidney stones
(nephrolithiasis)

A
  • depends on what stone is made out of
  • dehydration
  • gout
  • diet(high sodium)
  • hyperkalemia
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45
Q

treatment of kidney stones

A
  • pain medication> priority
  • hydrate> flush out
  • lithotripsy> sound waves breakup stone
  • prevent reoccurance
46
Q

diagnosis of kidney stones

A
  • urinalysis
  • infection, hematuria, urine pH, presence of crystals
  • protein in urine
47
Q

how does kidney stones lead to hydronephrosis

A
  • complete obstruction of bloodflow
  • urine backup into renal pelvis and destroys kidney
  • extra fluid in kidneys from obstruction
  • found during ultrasound
48
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to the chemical processes involved in converting carbs, fats, and proteins from the foods we eat into the energy needed for cell function

49
Q

small intestine villi contain…

A

goblet cells> secret mucous and absorb nutrients

50
Q

PUD risk factors

A
  • NSAIDs and H. pylori
51
Q

NSAIDs inhibit….

A

prostaglandin E leading to decreased mucosa

52
Q

H. pylori releases….

A

-enzyme urease which breaks down urea leading to CO2 and ammonia(acid)
- ammonia then destroys mucosal lining

53
Q

PUD s/s

A
  • pain with eating
  • pain- burning, gnawing stomach pain
  • perforation- sudden pain, pale skin, cold sweat
54
Q

What is gliadin

A

protein form gluten
- HLA molecule activates helper T cells causing autoimmune inflammatory process
- can cause malabsorption

55
Q

Celiac s/s

A
  • Vit A, E, and K deficiency
  • malabsorption
  • steatorrhea
  • impared muscle mass
    low immune function> high infection rates
56
Q

If GFR is high the kidneys are…

A

More at risk

57
Q

A medication for kidney dysfunction includes

A

Beta blocker

58
Q

Kidneys excrete what

A

Hydrogen and bicarbonate

59
Q

Urosepsis intervention

A

antibiotics and bolus fluids

60
Q

Ulcerative colitis s/s

A
  • Pseudo polyps
  • frequent bowel movements
  • blood stolls
  • urgency
  • rectum extending to large bowel
  • wt loss
61
Q

Chron’s Disease

A
  • skip lesions
  • cobblestoning
  • mouth to anus
  • toxic megacolon
62
Q

-1 Hematemesis
- 2 Hematochezia
- 3 Melena

A

1- blood in vomit
2- blood in stool
3- black and tarry stool

63
Q

If bleed is closer to source of going out of body blood is

A

bright red

64
Q

If bleed is further from the source of going out blood is

A

brown and coffee ground appearance

65
Q

Liver dysfunction s/s

A
  • ascites/ edema
  • jaundice, spider angiomata, finger clubbing
  • steatorrhea
  • fatigue, anorexia, wt loss
66
Q

Liver function

A
  • vit k synthesis
  • detoxes
  • metabolism
  • coagulation and metabolize bilirubin
67
Q

High unconjugated bilirubin is what hepatic injury

A

intrahepatic injury

68
Q

Calculous cholecystitis versus acalculous

A

Calculous: gallstones that lodge in the cystic ducts
Acalculous: caused w/ out evidence of obstruction

69
Q

Spasmodic pain is known as _______ after decrease in distention

A

biliary colic

70
Q

Cholecystitis is

A

the gallbladder becomes thickened, rigid, and fibrotic
- function begins to function poorly

71
Q

Signs to check which lead to cholecystitis

A
  • CRP
  • Murphy
  • RUQ pain
72
Q

Pancreas endocrine versus exocrine function

A

endocrine: produces insulin, glucagon
Exocrine: excrete/ secretes digestive enzymes lipase, amylase, trypsin and bicarb

73
Q

Intrinsic factor is vital for absorption of ?

A

Vit B12

74
Q

Biliary Tract Disease

A
  • obstruction of the flow of enzyme from the pancreas
  • autodigestion on the gland tissue and destroy the pancreatic cell
75
Q

Unconjugated versus conjugated bilirubin

A

Uncon: not water soluble
Con: Water soluble
- For body to excrete bilirubin in the bile, it has to be water-soluble

76
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia can lead to

A

jaundice

77
Q

Greatest risk(key event) for atherosclerosis

A

Endothelial injury

78
Q

LDL is

A

BAD CHOLESTROL
- HDL can help out by reverse transport
-high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL predispose to CVA

79
Q

Free radials are

A
  • attracted to things they shouldn’t be
  • create inflammation
  • can cause damage to the endothelium
80
Q

Effect of these Blood compositions can alter heart of arteries

A
  • lipids
  • glucose
  • free radicals
  • nicotine
  • homocysteine
81
Q

3 elements that regulate blood flow through the arteries

A
  1. volume
  2. pressure
  3. resistance
82
Q

Blood pressure regulation systems

A
  1. Baroreceptors> raise BP
  2. RAAS > raise BP
  3. ADH> raise BP
  4. Natriuresis> lower BP
83
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out of the ventricle each minute
- CO= HRxSV, about 5L per minute

84
Q

Process of atherosclerosis

A
  1. formation of foam cells
  2. formation of fatty streaks and plaque
  3. Plaque rupture
85
Q

STEMI vs NSTEMI

A

STEMI: infarction is completely through the cardiac wall
NSTEMI: infarction is subendocardial and not completely through the heart wall

86
Q

Preload

A

The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
- precontraction
- loading of a sling shot
- beginning of cardiac cycle

87
Q

Afterload

A

The amount of resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart
- high resistance= higher afterload resistance
- pressure that the left ventricle has to pump against(resistance)

88
Q

Left ventricular failure backflow

A
  • lungs
  • creates build up of hydrostatic pressure in LA, pulmonary vein
89
Q

Left ventricular forward effect

A
  • causes decreased perfusion to brain, kidneys, and other organs
90
Q

Right Ventricular failure backward effect

A

creates backup within the right heart chambers and eventually into superior and inferior vena cava
- causes fluid leakage and edema and ascites and enlarged organs

91
Q

Shock

A

severe hypotension
- inability of heart and lungs to satisfy the metabolic and oxygen requirements
- blood pressure drops 40 below pts normal pH

92
Q

Shock stages

A
  1. initial
    - sudden BP drop and SNS & RAAS kick in!
  2. Progressive
    - blood conserved for heart and brain
  3. Irreversible
    - blood loss in heart and brain and leads to ischemia
93
Q

Normal cell cycle has

A

checkpoints to repair, recycle, and destroy apoptosis during the cell cycle

94
Q

Cancer eitology

A

Cell DNA Error+ Failure to detect and stop error= cancer

95
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A
  • normally function to restrain cells growth and become defective
  • lose ability to inhibit cell growth and division
  • TP53
  • BRCA1 &2
96
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

normal cells that stimulate and regulate the cell cycle

97
Q

Mutated/ defective oncogenes can lead to

A

constant cell proliferation and cell cycling

98
Q

Benign

A
  • cells are well differentiated
  • growth is slow
  • genetic stability
  • tumor is localized
  • edges are smooth
99
Q

Malignant

A
  • cells poorly differentiated
  • tumor is invasive and disrupting surrounding cells
  • growth is erratic
  • cells have unlimited lifespan
  • easily break free and spread
100
Q

Grading

A
  • looking at differentiation
  • well differentiated vs poorly differentiated
101
Q

Staging

A
  • classifies the size, invasiveness, and the spread of the tumors
  • TNM System
  • how advanced cancer is
102
Q

Blast cells

A

premature precursor cells

103
Q

In leukemia the WBCs over produce and take over RBCs T or F

A

TRUE

104
Q

Acute vaso-occlusive crisiscaused by…

A

more likely with illness, stress, heat/cold, dehydration, or by high altitude, but can also have no trigger at all

105
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • RBCs take on an S shape
  • These get stuck in vessel and create obstructions
  • Obstructions create ischemia and can lead to tissue damage and possible infarction
106
Q

RBC break > hyperbilirubinemia> _______

A

Jaundice

107
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Deficiency in coag factor VII

108
Q

Hemophilia B

A

Deficiency in coag factor IX

109
Q

In hemophilia does vasoconstriction and platelet activation still happen

A

Yes, dysfunction doesn’t occur until coagulation cascade

110
Q

Fibrinogen changes into ______
which strengthens the platelet plug into a blood clot

A

Fibrin

111
Q

Cellular regulation

A

Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle

112
Q

Perfusion

A

Perfusion is the passage of bodily fluids, such as blood, through the circulatory or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue.

Applied Patho (11 decks)

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