Exam 2

Question 1

Azotemia

Answer 1

increased BUN w/in the bloodstream

Question 2

Creatinine

Answer 2

muscle tissue breakdown

Question 3

BUN

Answer 3

waste product of protein

Question 4

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 4

bruising easily; bleeding under skin

Question 5

A healthy urinary tract is sterile T or F

Answer 5

true; normal flora are confined to the urethra opening

Question 6

UTI big 3 clinical manifestations

Answer 6

• burning
• urgency
• frequency

Question 7

what is the cause of nephrolithiasis

Answer 7

cause is unknown; dependent on what stones are composed off

Question 8

What is the priority of treating kidney stones(nephrolithias)

Answer 8

reducing pain/ pain management

Question 9

parietal cells secrete

Answer 9

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors

Question 10

goblet cells secrete what

Answer 10

mucous; protective layer

Question 11

What are G cells and what do they secrete

Answer 11

gastric cells; gastrin

Question 12

H. pylori secretes what

Answer 12

urease

Question 13

NSAIDs pathophysiologic mechanism

Answer 13

inhibits or blocks prostaglandin E leading to decreased mucosa

Question 14

A physical and anatomical change to the colon

Answer 14

Cathartic colon

Question 15

obstipation

Answer 15

sensation to defecate with no stool or gas

Question 16

Where are a large number of goblet cells located

Answer 16

LARGE intestine

Question 17

big concern with UC Attack

Answer 17

fluid and electrolyte loss

Question 18

What is bleeding that originates distal to the ileocecal valve called

Answer 18

Lower GI Bleed

Question 19

inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining

Answer 19

peptic ulcer disease

Question 20

Small intestine absorbs what

Answer 20

vit B12 and other vitamins

Question 21

Large intestine absorbs what

Answer 21

water and electrolytes

Question 22

Celiac disease is autoimmune & genetic T or F

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

endoscopy

Answer 23

scope through the mouth through the esophagus and into small intestine

Question 24

H2 antagonist do what

Answer 24

inhibits histamines in stomach which increases mucous

Question 25

Malabsorption affects what

Answer 25

- muscle mass - rep function - immune function - vitamin deficiencies

Question 26

Ulcerative colitis patho

Answer 26

- cytotoxic t cells increase number of B and plasma cells - increase IgG & IgE - leading to inflammation and atrophy - leads to formation of pseudopolyps

Question 27

Crohns in characterized by

Answer 27

cobblestone appearance and skip lesions

Question 28

Only diagnosis/ test to decipher between UC and Crohns

Answer 28

Colonoscopy

Question 29

Upper GI bleed is where

Answer 29

esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Question 30

UGIB Patho

Answer 30

rupture, tear, or perforation

Question 31

What labs to check with GI bleeds

Answer 31

- CBC; check clotting - BUN; has blood been digested - Hgb/Hct; how fast does blood clot

Question 32

As we get older what happens to GI motility

Answer 32

GI motility and secretions decrease leading to slowing digestion and emptying and thus deceased absorption

Question 33

How is H. pylori transmitted

Answer 33

person to person - bacteria can be spread by fecal contamination of food or water - most prevalent in developing countries

Question 34

Does Ulcerative Colitis have a cure?

Answer 34

YES; Crohns does NOT

Question 35

What medication is given during an acute phase of IBD

Answer 35

- corticosteroids - antidiarrheals - fluids/ electrolytes - NPO diet

Question 36

EXCRETES metabolic waste

Answer 36

KIDNEY

Question 37

Secretes lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin - start to autodigest w/ a blockage

Answer 37

PANCREAS

Question 38

Where is bile stored

Answer 38

The gallbladder

Question 39

What is the difference between conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin

Answer 39

- Conjugated is water soluble and non is NOT water soluble

Question 40

converts amino acids and glycerol into glucose when the body’s store of glucose is inadequate

Answer 40

LIVER

Question 41

Abnormal fluid buildup in the third spacing

Answer 41

Ascites

Question 42

Where does conjugation of bilirubin occur

Answer 42

LIVER

Question 43

What organ stores glucose and glycogen

Answer 43

LIVER

Question 44

What is bilirubin

Answer 44

breakdown of aged RBCs

Question 45

glycogenesis

Answer 45

liver stores glucose and glycogen

Question 46

glycogenolysis

Answer 46

breakdown of glycogen

Question 47

gluconeogenesis

Answer 47

convert amino acids and glycerol into glucose - MAKE NEW

Question 48

Pre hepatic liver dysfunction

Answer 48

- Excessive RBC hemolysis - before it gets to the liver

Question 49

Intrahepatic dysfunction

Answer 49

- hepatocellular injury - liver CANNOT conjugate bilirubin - unconjugated bilirubin accumulates and causes jaundice

Question 50

Post hepatic dysfunction

Answer 50

- bile duct obstruction - increased levels of conjugated bilirubin circulating causes pot hepatic jaundice

Question 51

Portal hypertension

Answer 51

increased resistance with in the portal vein - portal vein becomes narrow with lots of pressure - caput medusa

Question 52

What does the liver synthesize/ make

Answer 52

Albumin

Question 53

Gallbladder spasmodic pain is known as

Answer 53

Biliary colic

Question 54

During a gallbladder attack you should avoid food and be NPO T or F

Answer 54

True; ng tube placement to relieve n/v

Question 55

Calculus cholecystitis

Answer 55

An obstruction of the gallbladder - gallstones - 90% of cases

Question 56

Acalculous cholecystitis

Answer 56

No obstruction present - 10% of cases

Question 57

Murphys sign is to test for what organ

Answer 57

GALLBLADDER

Question 58

Pancreas role; ENDOCRINE

Answer 58

- releases into the blood - pancreas produces insulin, glucagon, ect

Question 59

Pancreas role; EXOCRINE

Answer 59

- secretes digestive enzymes into the ducts - amylase, tripsin, lipase, bicarb

Question 60

Pancreatitis is

Answer 60

autodigestion of the pancreas by its own enzymes

Question 61

Cullen sign is

Answer 61

- pancreatitis - discoloration around umbilicus - brighter in color; pinks and reds

Question 62

Grey turner sign is

Answer 62

- pancreatitis - discoloration at the flanks/ backside

Question 63

Amylase breaks down

Answer 63

carbs into glucose

Question 64

Lipase breaks down

Answer 64

fats

Question 65

protease breaks down

Answer 65

proteins

Question 66

Acute pancreatitis is reversible; chronic is not T or F

Answer 66

TRUE

Question 67

What medications should you avoid with cirrhosis

Answer 67

NARCOTICS

Question 68

Cirrhosis patho

Answer 68

liver cells are DESTROYED and replaced with fibrotic tissue - loss of normal function - caused from ETOH or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 69

Can gallstones lead to pancreatitis

Answer 69

yes; result from untreated gallstones

Question 70

Accessory organs

Answer 70

liver, pancreas, gallbladder