Exam 2 Flashcards
wks 3-5
Azotemia
increased BUN w/in the bloodstream
Creatinine
muscle tissue breakdown
BUN
waste product of protein
Thrombocytopenia
bruising easily; bleeding under skin
A healthy urinary tract is sterile T or F
true; normal flora are confined to the urethra opening
UTI big 3 clinical manifestations
- burning
- urgency
- frequency
what is the cause of nephrolithiasis
cause is unknown; dependent on what stones are composed off
What is the priority of treating kidney stones(nephrolithias)
reducing pain/ pain management
parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors
goblet cells secrete what
mucous; protective layer
What are G cells and what do they secrete
gastric cells; gastrin
H. pylori secretes what
urease
NSAIDs pathophysiologic mechanism
inhibits or blocks prostaglandin E leading to decreased mucosa
A physical and anatomical change to the colon
Cathartic colon
obstipation
sensation to defecate with no stool or gas
Where are a large number of goblet cells located
LARGE intestine
big concern with UC Attack
fluid and electrolyte loss
What is bleeding that originates distal to the ileocecal valve called
Lower GI Bleed
inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining
peptic ulcer disease
Small intestine absorbs what
vit B12 and other vitamins
Large intestine absorbs what
water and electrolytes
Celiac disease is autoimmune & genetic T or F
TRUE
endoscopy
scope through the mouth through the esophagus and into small intestine
H2 antagonist do what
inhibits histamines in stomach which increases mucous
Malabsorption affects what
- muscle mass
- rep function
- immune function
- vitamin deficiencies
Ulcerative colitis patho
- cytotoxic t cells increase number of B and plasma cells
- increase IgG & IgE
- leading to inflammation and atrophy
- leads to formation of pseudopolyps
Crohns in characterized by
cobblestone appearance and skip lesions
Only diagnosis/ test to decipher between UC and Crohns
Colonoscopy
Upper GI bleed is where
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
UGIB Patho
rupture, tear, or perforation
What labs to check with GI bleeds
- CBC; check clotting
- BUN; has blood been digested
- Hgb/Hct; how fast does blood clot
As we get older what happens to GI motility
GI motility and secretions decrease leading to slowing digestion and emptying and thus deceased absorption
How is H. pylori transmitted
person to person
- bacteria can be spread by fecal contamination of food or water
- most prevalent in developing countries
Does Ulcerative Colitis have a cure?
YES; Crohns does NOT
What medication is given during an acute phase of IBD
- corticosteroids
- antidiarrheals
- fluids/ electrolytes
- NPO diet
EXCRETES metabolic waste
KIDNEY
Secretes lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin
- start to autodigest w/ a blockage
PANCREAS
Where is bile stored
The gallbladder
What is the difference between conjugated and non-conjugated bilirubin
- Conjugated is water soluble and non is NOT water soluble
converts amino acids and glycerol into glucose when the body’s store of glucose is inadequate
LIVER
Abnormal fluid buildup in the third spacing
Ascites
Where does conjugation of bilirubin occur
LIVER
What organ stores glucose and glycogen
LIVER
What is bilirubin
breakdown of aged RBCs
glycogenesis
liver stores glucose and glycogen
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
gluconeogenesis
convert amino acids and glycerol into glucose
- MAKE NEW
Pre hepatic liver dysfunction
- Excessive RBC hemolysis
- before it gets to the liver
Intrahepatic dysfunction
- hepatocellular injury
- liver CANNOT conjugate bilirubin
- unconjugated bilirubin accumulates and causes jaundice
Post hepatic dysfunction
- bile duct obstruction
- increased levels of conjugated bilirubin circulating causes pot hepatic jaundice
Portal hypertension
increased resistance with in the portal vein
- portal vein becomes narrow with lots of pressure
- caput medusa
What does the liver synthesize/ make
Albumin
Gallbladder spasmodic pain is known as
Biliary colic
During a gallbladder attack you should avoid food and be NPO T or F
True; ng tube placement to relieve n/v
Calculus cholecystitis
An obstruction of the gallbladder
- gallstones
- 90% of cases
Acalculous cholecystitis
No obstruction present
- 10% of cases
Murphys sign is to test for what organ
GALLBLADDER
Pancreas role; ENDOCRINE
- releases into the blood
- pancreas produces insulin, glucagon, ect
Pancreas role; EXOCRINE
- secretes digestive enzymes into the ducts
- amylase, tripsin, lipase, bicarb
Pancreatitis is
autodigestion of the pancreas by its own enzymes
Cullen sign is
- pancreatitis
- discoloration around umbilicus
- brighter in color; pinks and reds
Grey turner sign is
- pancreatitis
- discoloration at the flanks/ backside
Amylase breaks down
carbs into glucose
Lipase breaks down
fats
protease breaks down
proteins
Acute pancreatitis is reversible; chronic is not T or F
TRUE
What medications should you avoid with cirrhosis
NARCOTICS
Cirrhosis patho
liver cells are DESTROYED and replaced with fibrotic tissue
- loss of normal function
- caused from ETOH or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Can gallstones lead to pancreatitis
yes; result from untreated gallstones
Accessory organs
liver, pancreas, gallbladder
