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2 - Foundation of animal health > Week 10 - interaction between infectious agents and other determinants of animal health > Flashcards

Week 10 - interaction between infectious agents and other determinants of animal health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the management factors

A
  • Rotation of feeding bins
  • Creep feeding
  • Faecal collection
  • Harrowing
  • Irrigation
  • Pasture treatments
  • Group size
  • Farm size
  • Preventive health measures
  • Other diseases
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2
Q

Characteristics of Soil borne virulent R. equi

A

No environmental variable had a significant effect on soil-borne virulent R. equi concentration
•Soil-borne virulent R. equi was not associated with prevalence of R. equi disease

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3
Q

Characteristics of Air-borne virulent R. equi

A
  • High air-borne virulent R. equi associated with high disease prevalence
  • Peak incidence of rattles associated with increased airborne virulent R. equi
  • Majority of cases 1-2 months old
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4
Q

What cause high concentration of Air-borne virulent R. equi

A
  • Low soil moisture
  • Poor grass cover
  • High ambient temperature
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5
Q

Characteristics of Genus Aphthovirus: Foot and Mouth Disease (Family Picornaviridae)

A
  • Multiple host species
  • Multiple modes of transmission
  • Multiple serotypes
  • Small infective dose
  • Rapid replication
  • Virus shed before clinical signs
  • Highly contagious
  • Carrier state
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6
Q

What are Family Herpesviridae

A 
Double -stranded DNA
Icosadeltahedral core
Amorphous tegument
Enveloped virus
Envelope studded with
glycoprotein spikes
Frogs, Fish, Snakes, Kangaroos, Cows, Dogs, Cats, People
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7
Q

Clinical signs for EHV-1/4 Respiratory Disease

A

Fever and inappetence
Nasal discharge (serous - mucopurulent)
Lymphadenopathy (sub-mandibular)

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8
Q

Effects of EHC -1 abortion

A 
Systemic spread from respiratory tract
Leukocyte associated viraemia
No premonitory signs
Late gestation
Sporadic (majority)
Epidemic (up to 80% mortality)
Major economic impact \$\$$
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9
Q

EHV-1 Neurological disease

A

Systemic spread from respiratory tract

Vasculitis (replication in vascular endothelium)

Mild ataxia - tetraparesis and recumbency (location of lesion)
Prognosis (poor to grave)
Uncommon in Australia (SA??)
More common in USA (Europe)

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10
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

Vertical

Horizontal

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11
Q

What does vertical mode of transmission mean

A

Mother to offspring transmission in utero
or in ovo (early post-partum period)

Transmission across placenta, in birth
canal, in colostrum/milk

Cause embryonic death, mummification,
resorption (time of gestation) or congenital
defects

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12
Q

what does horizontal mode of transmission mean

A

-Direct contact (licking, rubbing, biting, sexual contact)
-Indirect contact (fomites)
Feed and water containers, bedding, dander, tack, clothes, etc…
Airborne transmission
(respiratory tract via droplet / aerosol inhalation)
Common vehicle transmission
Arthropod-borne transmission
Iatrogenic transmission
Nosocomial transmission
Zoonotic transmission

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13
Q

What are the site of entry

A

Skin
Respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract

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14
Q

How do you defend from skin site of entry

A

Integrity of the epidermis is the hosts only defence

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15
Q

what are the Traumatic breaches in integrity of skin

A

Traumatic breaches in integrity of skin:
Establishment of dermal infection
(i) Mechanical transmission via mouthparts of vector
(ii) Replicate in gut of arthropod vector
(iii) Deep dermal inoculation (needles, tattoos, rabies)

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16
Q

How do you defend from Site of Entry: Respiratory tract

A

Complex host defence mechanisms of the respiratory tract
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Mucocilliary clearance: mucus propelled and impinging particles propelled orad by ciliated columnar epithelial cells

Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms operate locally

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17
Q

How does virus enter through respiratory tract

A

Viruses enter as aerosolised droplets or saliva

Size of the droplet determines the distribution of the particle in the respiratory tract
> 5 μm – filtered by turbinates
< 5 μm – lower respiratory tract

Reduced mucocilliary clearance – increases susceptibility to respiratory infections (travel sickness in horses, CF)

Establishes local infections which may progress to systemic

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18
Q

What is Site of Entry: gastrointestinal tract

A

Establish local or systemic infections

Local infections – confined to cells lining intestinal lumen

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19
Q

What is local infection

A

confined to cells lining intestinal lumen

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20
Q

What is systemic infections

A

viruses cross intestinal mucosa and

invade underlying tissues and spread within body

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21
Q

Host defence mechanisms:

A 
Gastric pH (2 – 3)
Proteases secreted by gastric
and pancreatic cells
Bile salts
Mucus containing IgA
22
Q

Gastrointestinal viruses defence

A

Acid stable
Resist degradation by bile salts
Resist proteolytic inactivation

23
Q

Properties of genitourinary tract

A 
Genitourinary tract – HIV, HSV-2, HPV
Urine flushing a protective mechanism
Conjunctiva
Direct inoculation
Usually local infection
Very rarely spreads to systemic (unless from another site)
24
Q

How to Prevent exposure

A

Quarantine

Herd immunity

25
Q

Active protection

A

Vaccination – specific to immunogens

in vaccine

26
Q

What is local level quarantine

A

Prevent import of infected animals onto property

Stop spread of disease within a property

Individual property owner / State DPI

27
Q

What is regional level quarrantine

A

Prevent import of infected animals into free area/region
Stop spread of disease within a region
State and Federal governments

28
Q

What are the Ausvetplan for Equine Influenza

A
  • Containment and control based on:
  • Movement restrictions
  • +/- vaccination
  • +/- regionalisation / zoning
29
Q

What is international level quarrantine

A

Prevent import of infected animals into free country

Stop spread of disease between countries
OIE

30
Q

What is herd immunity, how does it help

A

Sufficient immune animals in herd to reduce the spread of infection

Fewer susceptible animals

Reduced excretion

31
Q

Aims of vaccination

A
  1. Prevent infection
  2. Prevent disease
  3. Reduce severity / duration of disease
32
Q

How to prevent infection

A

Physical barriers
Antibody mediated
Unlikely Subclinical infection

33
Q

How to prevent disease

A

Rapid immune response
Polio, smallpox etc
Distemper, Parvovirus

34
Q

How to reduce severity / duration of disease

A

Ineffective immune response
Antibody vs Cytotoxic T cells
Empirical —> Mechanistic

35
Q

Different types of vaccines

A 
Killed / Inactivated
Live / attenuated
Recombinant / sub-unit
Direct DNA
Toxoids and Anti-toxins
36
Q

Issues/advantages of Live / attenuated vaccines

A

Attenuated virus (cell culture or genetic manipulation) or non-pathogenic strains

Booster not required (replicates in host)

Longer duration of immunity

Antibody and CTL response (Th1)

Safety issues: immunocompromised or pregnant animals

Reversion to virulence (vaccine associated disease)

Deletion mutants

37
Q

Issues/advantages of Killed / inactivated vaccines

A

Many vaccines registered for use in animals in Australia
are inactivated
Advantages: Safe and successful technology
Disadvantages: Reduced immunogenicity
Boosters required
Adjuvants required
Antibody body mediated (Th2) response
Subunit vaccines and recombinant proteins

38
Q

Issues/advantages of toxoids

A

“Detoxified” bacterial exotoxins
Highly immunogenic
Tetanus, diphtheria and botulinum toxins
Circulating IgG is protective (Th2)

39
Q

What are the Routes of administration

A

Intramuscular or sub-cutaneous
Intranasal, intradermal, intramammary,
intraperitoneal, conjunctival, oral, scarification

40
Q

Adverse effects of vaccination

A
  • Teratogenic / abortigenic
  • Immunosupressed animals
  • Local injection site reaction
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Neoplasia
  • Underattenuation
41
Q

What is Passive Immunity

A

•Sterile intra-uterine (egg) environment
•No transplacental immunoglobulin transfer
Humans : haemochorial placenta
Ruminants : syndesmochorial placenta
Dogs and cats : endotheliochorial placenta (5-10%)
Horses and pigs : epitheliochorial placenta

42
Q

Issues/advantages of Passive Immunity

A 
•Sterile intra-uterine (egg)
environment
•No transplacental
immunoglobulin transfer
•Functional, but naive
immune system at birth
•Lag between exposure and
immune response
43
Q

Maternally derived antibody summary

A
  • Protects the neonate against pathogens that the mother has antibodies against
  • Wanes as the neonate gets older
  • Is not transferred across the placenta
  • Depends on the quality and quantity of colostrum ingested
  • Quality related to specific gravity
  • Interferes with active immunisation of the neonate
  • Vaccination schedules
44
Q

What is Antitoxins / Hyperimmune Sera

A

Form of passive immunity
Anti-venom
Supplying antigen specific IgG to protect an animal
through a period of high risk (colostrally derived antibody)

45
Q

What are the type of envemonation

A

Spider envenomation

Snake bite envenomation

46
Q

Post-exposure rabies treatment

A 
•Wound management
•Human anti-rabies immunoglobulin
•Infiltrate wound with RIG
•Rabies vaccine
•Induces immunity post-exposure 7-10
days
47
Q

What is nosocomial

A

Disease originating from hospital

48
Q

What is iatrogenic transmission

A

refers to the spread of a pathogen, (bacteria or virus) through a medical procedure or treatment such as a blood transfusion, reuse of needles or IV sets, or by touching a wound on an infected horse and then handling another horse

49
Q

what are the determinants of animal health

A

housing, nutrition and age

50
Q

What is zoonotic transmission

A

Transmission of disease from animals to human or vice versa

2 - Foundation of animal health (25 decks)

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