Week 10- Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

Aggression

A

behaviour that is

intended to harm another individua

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2
Q

Anger

A

consists of strong feelings of
displeasure in response to a perceived
injury.

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3
Q

Hostility

A

negative, antagonistic attitude

toward another person or group.

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4
Q

Violence

A

extreme acts of

aggression

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5
Q

Instrumental/pro-active Aggression

A

Harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end

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6
Q

Emotional/reactive Aggression

A

Harm is inflicted for its own sake (in reaction to something)

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7
Q

Culture and Aggression

A
• Aggression varies dramatically between cultures
– The forms violence typically 
takes
– People’s attitudes toward 
various kinds of aggression
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8
Q

Individual differences which predict aggression

A
  • Low agreeableness
    • Low openness
    • High neuroticism
    • Traits
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9
Q

overt agression (and gender)

A

more men

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10
Q

relational aggression (and gender)

A

more women

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11
Q

evolutionary perspective and aggression gender

A

Why gender differences?
– Males aggress to achieve and maintain
status.
– Females aggress to protect offspring.

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12
Q

biological factors and aggression (3)

A
  • Genetics
    Mixed overall results on heritability
    of aggression
    – Trend in research supports heritability of
    human aggressiveness to at least some
    degree - ○ MAOA gene linked to aggressive behaviour
• Serotonin
		○ Low levels linked to aggression
• Brain & EF
		○ Abnormalities in PFC
		○ Poor EF
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13
Q

biological differences in gender based aggression

A

• Testosterone
○ Association between testosterone and aggression
○ Especially if low in cortisol

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14
Q

social learning theory of aggression

A

○ The theory that behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments
○ Bobo dolls
○ Those perpetrating violence have often witnessed violence

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15
Q

socialisation and gender differences in aggression

A

§ Overt aggression more acceptable amongst boys
§ Using relational aggression can allow a girl access to benefits
§ Culture of honor (males) - culture
□ Emphasising honor and social status - role of aggression
□ Promotes violent behaviour

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16
Q

socialisation and cultural differences in aggression

A

Socialization of aggression also varies from culture to culture. For example, Giovanna Tomada and Barry Schneider (1997) report that adolescent boys in traditional villages in Italy are encouraged to aggress as an indication of their sexual prowess

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17
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • Frustration - which is produced by interrupting a person’s progress towards an expected goal - will always elicit the motive to aggress
  • All aggression is caused by frustration
18
Q

displacement

A

○ Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source are inhibited by fear or lack of access

19
Q

catharsis

A

○ Reduction of the motive to aggress said to result from imagined, observed or actual act of aggression

20
Q

problems with frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

○ Carthasis can inflame aggression

21
Q

frustration-aggression hyp revised (Berkowitz, 1989)

A

Frustration is but one of many unpleasant
experiences that can lead to aggression
by creating negative, uncomfortable
feelings.

• It is the negative feelings (negative affect),
not frustration itself, that can trigger
aggression.

22
Q

role of affect in aggression and situational factors

A

• Heat - increases negative affect = aggression
• Provocation
○ Social rejection
Positive Affect
• Research shows that inducing a pleasant mood can reduce aggression

23
Q

arousal and aggression and situational factors

A

• Excitation transfer
○ Arousal created by one stimulus can intensify another response
○ Physical exercise - increase in aggression/violence
• Heat increases arousal

24
Q

cognition and aggression and situational factors

A

Both automatic and deliberate thoughts
play a critical role in aggression

Automatic cognitions
– Weapons effect – tendency that the likelihood
of aggression will increase by mere presence
of guns

Higher order cognitions:
○ Angry person restrains self from aggressing because costs are too high
- rumination: thinking about aggressive thoughts over and over

25
Q

immediate effects of violent media on aggression

A

○ Research shows people behave more aggressively after watching aggressive TV or playing violent videogames

26
Q

long-term effects of violent media on aggression

A

.3 correlation between media violence and aggression

• Exposure to TV violence at ages 6-9
positively correlated with aggression as
adults.

27
Q

habituation

A

○ Desensitisation to violence

○ Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence

28
Q

cultivation

A

○ The capacity of the mass media to construct a social reality that people perceive as true, even if it isn’t
○ Violent acts reported more in the news etc

29
Q

influence of non-violent and violent pornography on sexual and non-sexual aggression

A

○ Little support for causal link between nonviolent porn and sexual aggression
○ There is evidence for association between porn use and attitudes which support violence against women

• violent forms of pornography
○ Male to female aggression markedly increased following exposure

30
Q

interventions/education leading to the reduction of sexual aggression due to violent pornography

A

○ Aggression Replacement Training

○ Self-control training

○ Behaviour modification

31
Q

Aggression in collectivist cultures

A
  • Males in china less likely to respond aggressively compared to US
  • No difference between women
32
Q

Aggression in indvidualistic cultures

A

• Higher freq. school violence

33
Q

Traits tending to relate to aggression (5)

A

○ Emotional susceptibility
§ The tendency to feel distressed, inadequate and vulnerable to perceived threats
○ Type A personality
§ The tendency to be driven by feelings of inadequacy to prove one’s worth
○ Impulsivity
• High self-esteem if
○ Also high in narcissism
○ Threat to ego
• Narcissism
○ Inflated sense of self-worth and low empathy for others
• Low self-control

34
Q

Evolutionary Psych perspective on whether aggression is innate (3)

A

○ Birth parents less likely to abuse or murder own offspring than stepparents and stepchildren
○ Male to male violence
§ Challenging status or social power
○ Females aggress to protect offspring

35
Q

Punishment more likely to reduce aggression when

A

○ Immediately follows behav
○ Strong enough to deter aggressor
○ Consistently applied
○ Considered fair and legitimate by aggressor

36
Q

Cycle of Violence

A

§ The transmission of domestic violence across generations

§ Those who experience parental violence or abuse are more likely to abuse their own children

37
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

perceiving hostile intent in others

§ Aggressive people tend to hold this bias more

38
Q

Impact of alcohol and caffeine on cognition and aggression

A

○ Lowering inhibitions against aggressive behav
○ Alcohol Myopia
§ Narrowing of focus of attention
§ Focusing on a perceived provocation for example

39
Q

General Aggression Model

A

○ Aversive experiences, situational cues and individual differences can lead to
§ Negative affect, arousal and thoughts

□ Influenced by higher order thinking
® Aggression then may occur

40
Q

i-cubed theory

A
○ Newer model (Eli Finkel 2012;2013)
			§ Role of self control
		□ Instigation
			® Social factors; provocation
		□ Impellance
			® Personality and situational factors
		□ Inhibition
41
Q

Factors and psychological processes involved in sexual aggression and porn

A

○ Rapists profile
§ High sexual arousal in response to violent porn

Expressing attitudes that condone violence against women

42
Q

Aggression Replacement Training

A

§ Improving moral reasoning
§ Social competence training
§ Aggression control